Edincik olive is the fruit of the Edincik Su olive variety belonging to Olea europaea L. This olive is cultivated in the Bandırma and Erdek districts of Balıkesir province, Türkiye. It was registered as a protected designation of origin on March 7, 2024, and placed under geographical indication protection. The registration was carried out by the Bandırma Chamber of Commerce.

Botanical Characteristics

The Edincik olive tree grows with medium vigor and has a broad, rounded crown. Branch color changes with age: young branches are green-gray, while older branches show beige-green tones. Leaves are long, narrow, and elliptic; the upper surface is glaucous green-gray, and the underside is slightly hairy gray-green. The midrib is prominently white, and the leaf blade is symmetrical relative to this vein.

Fruit Characteristics

Edincik olives have a high water content (50–74%) and low oil content (13–24%), making them suitable for table use. The flesh is soft, while the skin is thin and sensitive to physical impact. Fruit width ranges from 14–21 mm and length from 18–26 mm; 100 fruits weigh between 250–600 grams. These traits distinguish Edincik olives among olives classified as table (high-water) olives.

Ripening and Harvest Period

Flowering occurs between May 12 and June 12. The green ripening period is in October, and the black ripening period is between November 15 and December 15. Harvest is carried out by hand or mechanically, with careful handling due to the fruit’s delicate nature.

Chemical Composition

Edincik olives are rich in phenolic compounds, including oleuropein (3.5–5.0 mg/kg), tyrosol (4.0–5.0 mg/kg), and hydroxytyrosol (6.0–8.0 mg/kg). Volatile compounds include ethyl acetate (1.5–25.0%), 3-methyl-1-butanol (4.0–14.0%), and mequinol (7.0–18.0%), which define the aroma and flavor profile.

Growing Conditions

Soils within the geographical boundary are non-saline, clay-loam to loam-clay, with pH ranging from 5.45–7.87. Rocky terrain limits soil warming through sunlight reflection, helping retain moisture and enhance fruit size. Irrigation is usually not applied, but supplemental flood or drip irrigation may be used during droughts.

Production Method

The production process of Edincik olives is a multi-stage system from establishing olive groves to packaging table olives. Each step preserves the product’s unique characteristics and ensures compliance with geographical indication criteria.

• Olive Grove Establishment and Planting: Groves are set up in fertile areas; terraces are made if slope exceeds 5%. Drainage ditches are provided in areas with high groundwater. Seedlings are planted in 80x80 cm holes, with the root collar at soil level for containerized plants and the graft point above soil for grafted plants. Pre-planting pruning and watering are performed. Planting distances vary from 5–18 meters depending on irrigation.
• Soil Preparation: Conducted 2–3 times per year. First pass post-harvest with plow to 15 cm, second in spring to 10–12 cm with plow or rake, third to prevent fruit loss and remove weeds.
• Fertilization: Applied about one month before budding. Full phosphorus and potassium and half nitrogen are given; remaining nitrogen applied before last rainfall for non-irrigated fields or before first irrigation in irrigated fields.
• Irrigation: Mostly relies on natural rainfall; supplemental irrigation may be used during droughts.
• Pruning: Mainly rejuvenation pruning to maintain healthy growth and productivity.

Table Olive Production

• Green Olives: Harvested in early October. Fruits transitioning from green to yellow are mechanically picked, sorted by size, and placed in fermentation tanks. Naturally fermented in brine with 6% sea salt and 0.5% citric acid. Salt content maintained at 7–7.5%, acidity at 0.8–1%. After ~9 months, olives are sorted, packaged in brine, and pasteurized.

• Black Olives: Harvested late October to early November. Brine with 8–10% salt, supported by calcium chloride and lactic acid. Olives pressed using cloth, wood, and granite stones. After 8 months of fermentation, packaged and marketed.

Inspection and Protection

Inspections are coordinated by the Bandırma Chamber of Commerce and carried out by a three-member board consisting of representatives from the Agriculture and Forestry Directorate, Trade Exchange, and Chamber of Agriculture. Criteria include production area, pomological characteristics, production method, chemical analyses, and correct use of the protected designation of origin.