Edirne is a strategic city located in the northwestern part of Türkiye, in the Thrace section of the Marmara Region, bordering both Bulgaria and Greece. A significant center during the Roman and Byzantine periods, the city came under Ottoman rule in 1361 and served as the capital of the Ottoman Empire until the conquest of Istanbul in 1453. Reflecting the cultural heritage of the Ottomans with its mosques, bridges, inns, and caravanserais—especially the Selimiye Mosque, one of the most important works of Ottoman architecture—Edirne has been subjected to many wars and occupations throughout history.

Severely damaged during the Balkan Wars and the Russo-Turkish Wars, the city still bears the traces of Ottoman architecture today. The economy of Edirne is based on agriculture, trade, and tourism, and it is particularly renowned for its rich gastronomic heritage. Local delicacies such as almond paste, Kavala cookies, and Edirne-style fried liver are key elements of the region’s culinary culture. Edirne is also significant for cultural tourism, with monuments like the Selimiye Mosque and its complex, which was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2011.

History of Edirne

Throughout history, Edirne has hosted many civilizations and has been an important center due to its strategic location. The city's history dates back to ancient Thracian tribes, making the region one of the oldest settlements in Thrace. In the 5th century BC, Edirne came under the rule of the Odrysian Kingdom and later passed into the control of King Philip II of Macedonia. In the 2nd century BC, the city came under the rule of the Roman Empire, during which time it was named Hadrianopolis (Adrianopolis) and became one of Rome’s major garrison cities. Rebuilt by Roman Emperor Hadrian, the city rapidly developed due to its location at the crossroads of military and commercial routes.

During the Byzantine Empire, Edirne was an important defensive center for the Eastern Romans and served as a forward post against invasions from the Balkans. The Battle of Adrianople in 378, a major conflict between the Goths and the Romans, resulted in the death of Roman Emperor Valens. This event marked a critical turning point in the weakening of the Roman Empire. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Edirne remained under Byzantine control but suffered attacks from the Bulgars and Pechenegs, and in 1204 it was briefly occupied by the Latins during the Fourth Crusade.

The Ottoman Era and Edirne as the Capital (1361–1453)

The Ottomans captured Edirne in 1361 during the reign of Murad I and made it the capital of the Ottoman State. This conquest marked a significant milestone in the Ottoman expansion into the Balkans, and Edirne became both an administrative and military center. The Ottomans undertook extensive public works to transform Edirne into a Turkish-Islamic city, building mosques, bridges, madrasahs, inns, and baths. In the 14th and 15th centuries, Edirne served as the residence of Ottoman sultans and experienced significant cultural and architectural development during the reigns of Murad II and Mehmed II.

Although the capital was moved to Istanbul after its conquest in 1453, Edirne remained the second most important city in the empire. After the conquest, sultans occasionally resided in Edirne for extended periods; especially during the reigns of Selim II and Mehmed IV, the Edirne Palace regained central importance. The palace served as a hunting and entertainment venue for the sultans for many years. Masterpieces such as Sinan's Selimiye Mosque were also built during this period.

Edirne in the 17th and 18th Centuries

During the 17th and 18th centuries, a time of military and political turmoil for the Ottoman Empire, Edirne was marked by uprisings and wars. The Edirne Incident of 1703 is recorded as a significant event in Ottoman history and led to the deposition of Sultan Mustafa II. In the 18th century, the city was affected by the Ottoman-Russian and Ottoman-Austrian wars, and its military and commercial significance began to decline.

^{Adalet Kasri}

A major earthquake occurred in Edirne in 1752, damaging many historical structures. While many of the architectural structures were repaired, the city's prosperity declined over time in parallel with the weakening of the Ottoman Empire.

Edirne in the 19th Century: Occupations and Wars

In the 19th century, Edirne suffered heavy destruction due to the Russo-Turkish Wars and regional conflicts in the Balkans. The Russian occupation of Edirne in 1829 revealed the Ottomans' weakness in the region and resulted in widespread devastation in the city. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 (the "War of ’93"), Edirne was again occupied by the Russians, and during this period, the Edirne Palace was largely destroyed. As they withdrew, the Russians destroyed many Ottoman structures, and the people of Edirne faced a significant wave of migration from the Balkans.

Edirne in the 20th Century: The Balkan Wars and Liberation

The Balkan Wars of 1912–13 were among the greatest disasters in Edirne’s history. In 1913, the Bulgarian army occupied Edirne, subjected the city to heavy bombardment, and caused damage to many Ottoman-era structures. Ottoman troops under the command of Şükrü Pasha defended the city but were forced to surrender after a prolonged siege. Later in 1913, the Ottoman army recaptured Edirne, but much of the city had been destroyed.

Following World War I, Edirne regained strategic importance as a border city during the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Between 1920 and 1922, the city was occupied by Greek forces. After the Turkish War of Independence, Edirne was returned to Turkish sovereignty through the Armistice of Mudanya and the Treaty of Lausanne, officially becoming part of the Republic of Türkiyeonce again.

Republican Era and Edirne Today

After the establishment of the Republic of Türkiye, Edirne maintained its strategic importance as a border province but lost its central status from the Ottoman period. In the 1930s and 1940s, regional development projects were initiated within the framework of industrialization policies in Thrace; however, due to the effects of World War II, no significant development occurred in Edirne. A major earthquake in 1953 damaged some of the city’s historical monuments. In the post-1980 period, Edirne began to gain importance particularly in terms of cultural tourism, and restoration projects were carried out to preserve Ottoman architecture.

Today, Edirne is considered one of the cities that best reflects the Ottoman heritage, and the Selimiye Mosque and its complex were included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2011. With its historical structures, culinary culture, and traditional festivals, Edirne continues to be an important center for both academic research and tourism.

Geography

Edirne is located in the northwestern part of Türkiye, in the Thrace section of the Marmara Region. It is bordered by Kırklareli to the east, Tekirdağ to the southeast, Çanakkale to the south, Greece to the west, and Bulgaria to the north. Edirne lies between 41° 40′ north latitude and 26° 34′ east longitude, with an average elevation of 50 meters above sea level. Due to its location as a bridge between Istanbul and Europe, it has historically been a strategic settlement point.

Edirne is situated in the Meriç Basin and at the confluence of the Meriç, Tunca, and Arda rivers. These rivers are the main elements shaping the city’s topography. The alluvial plains formed by the Meriç River provide great productivity for agricultural activities.

Landforms

The landforms of Edirne are characterized by wide plains, alluvial lowlands, gently sloping hills, and river valleys. There are no high mountain ranges in the province; however, plateau and hilly areas are found especially in the northeast and southwest. The main landforms include:

Meriç Plain: The largest agricultural area in Edirne, nourished by the Meriç River’s alluvial deposits.
Ergene Plain: Located in the eastern part of Edirne, important for agriculture.
İpsala Plain: Located in the Meriç Delta, it is significant for rice cultivation.
Koru Mountains: Situated in the southeastern part of Edirne, with elevations reaching 300–400 meters.

Within the province, valleys and alluvial plains formed by rivers dominate the landscape, and delta formations are observed. The flood zones created by the Meriç River often cause water inundations, especially in winter and spring.

Rivers and Lakes

The major water resources of Edirne are:

Meriç River: Originating in Bulgaria, it defines the Türkiye-Greece border and flows into the Aegean Sea; it is the largest river in the region.
Tunca River: Also rising in Bulgaria, it passes through Edirne and merges with the Meriç River.
Arda River: Another river originating from Bulgaria that joins the Meriç River in Edirne.
Gala Lake: Located in the İpsala district, it is an ecologically important wetland hosting migratory birds.

Due to these rivers, agriculture in Edirne is based on irrigation, and rice farming is a particularly significant economic activity.

Climate

Edirne has a transitional climate that combines features of both continental and Mediterranean climates. Summers are hot and dry, while winters are cold and rainy. However, due to Mediterranean influence, extreme winter cold is uncommon.

In summer, average temperatures range between 30–35°C, with noticeable dryness.
In winter, temperatures can fall below 0°C, and snowfall may occur.
The annual average temperature ranges between 13–14°C.
Annual precipitation averages between 550–650 mm, with the most rain falling in winter and spring.

Sudden drops in temperature can lead to a weather phenomenon known as the “Edirne Cold,” caused by cold air masses directly descending from the Balkans.

In terms of wind, Edirne is influenced by cold air waves from the Balkans. During winter, strong winds from the north lower temperatures, while in summer, cool winds from the west prevail.

Population

According to the 2024 Address-Based Population Registration System (ADNKS), Edirne’s total population is 421,247. Of this population, 79.74% live in urban areas, while approximately 20.26% reside in rural areas. The central district of Edirne has a population of 198,428. The total surface area of the province is 6,145 km², with a population density of 68 people/km². Edirne’s annual population growth rate is 3.2 per thousand, although there is a declining population trend in rural areas.

Population Distribution by Districts

Among Edirne’s districts, the central district has the highest population, while the least populated are Lalapaşa and Süloğlu. The population by district is as follows:

Merkez (Central): 198,428
Keşan: 84,791
Uzunköprü: 59,457
İpsala: 25,645
Havsa: 17,716
Meriç: 12,548
Enez: 10,529
Lalapaşa: 6,065
Süloğlu: 6,068

Gender and Age Distribution

The gender distribution in Edirne is balanced, with 50.4% female and 49.6% male.

The age distribution is as follows:

Age 0–14: 17.5%
Age 15–64 (working population): 67.8%
Age 65 and above (elderly population): 14.7%

According to these figures, Edirne’s young population rate is slightly lower than the national average, while its elderly population rate is higher. This is associated with the province being a region that experiences outward migration.

Migration and Demographic Change

Edirne is among the provinces that experience out-migration. Young people, in particular, migrate to Istanbul and other large cities for work and education. Additionally, due to the influx of Turkish migrants from the Balkans, Balkan immigrants make up a significant portion of the population. Throughout the Republican era, Turkish and Muslim minorities migrating from Bulgaria and Greece have settled in Edirne, shaping its demographic structure. Today, Edirne also attracts some inward migration due to its agriculture, trade, and tourism activities, although rural areas continue to experience population decline. In recent years, seasonal migration patterns have been observed due to an increase in the number of university students and the growth of cross-border trade.

Ethnic and Cultural Structure

Edirne has a homogeneous ethnic structure, with Turks making up the majority of the population. However, various ethnic groups such as Pomaks, Bosniaks, Albanians, Roma, and Gagauz people also reside in the city due to historical migrations. Following the Balkan Wars and population exchanges, the Greek and Bulgarian populations in the city decreased significantly, replaced by Turkish and Muslim populations migrating to Türkiye. Today, Edirne reflects Balkan cultural influences, and Turkish-Balkan immigrants significantly shape its cultural structure.

Tourism

With its historical, cultural, and natural assets, Edirne is one of Türkiy's major tourism destinations. As the second capital of the Ottoman Empire, it hosts a variety of tourism types due to its architectural heritage, cultural events, and location as a border city.

Cultural and Historical Tourism

Edirne hosts many architectural structures from the Ottoman period. Among the most notable are:

Selimiye Mosque and Complex (UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2011): Described by architect Mimar Sinan as his “masterpiece,” the Selimiye Mosque is Edirne’s most iconic tourist attraction. Considered the pinnacle of 16th-century Ottoman architecture, it attracts thousands of visitors annually.
Old Mosque (1414) and Three-Balconied Mosque (1447): Examples of early Ottoman mosque architecture.
Meriç Bridge, Tunca Bridge, and Mecidiye Bridge: Ottoman-era stone bridges that illustrate the city's connection to waterways.
Edirne Palace (Saray-ı Cedid-i Amire): Once used for many years by Ottoman sultans, the palace was largely destroyed during the Balkan and Russo-Turkish Wars, but its ruins hold historical value.
Hıdırlık Bastion and Balkan History Museum: Former defense post during the 1912–13 Balkan Wars, transformed into the Edirne Balkan History Museum in 2021.

Festivals and Cultural Events

Kırkpınar Oil Wrestling Festival: One of the world’s oldest sporting events, held annually in June or July. In 2010, it was added to UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage List. Edirne experiences a major influx of tourists during this event.
Almond Paste and Fried Liver Festival: Promotes Edirne’s famous local dishes and supports culinary tourism.
Edirne Kakava Festival: Held every May, this celebration reflects Romanesque cultural traditions.

^{Traditional Kırkpınar Wrestling}

Nature and Ecotourism

With its wetlands, forests, and river valleys, Edirne is well-suited for nature tourism:

Gala Lake National Park: A crucial stopover for migratory birds and a favorite among birdwatchers and nature lovers.
Meriç and Tunca Rivers: Popular for nature walks, fishing, and riverside leisure activities.

Edirne Cuisine

Edirne’s cuisine bears the marks of the Ottoman palace kitchen and is enriched by the region’s agricultural products and cultural diversity brought by migration.

Edirne-style Fried Liver (Tava Ciğeri): One of Edirne’s most well-known dishes, made from thinly sliced, deep-fried beef liver.
Kavala Cookies (Edirne Almond Cookies): Based on Ottoman palace recipes and made with almonds. Although associated with Kavala, Greece, they are uniquely produced in Edirne.
Almond Paste: One of Edirne’s most famous desserts, introduced to the Ottoman palace kitchen by a master from Egypt. Made with almonds, sugar, and lemon, this dessert is a geographically indicated product of Edirne.
Acıbadem Cookies: A traditional almond-and-sugar cookie produced in Edirne.

Edirne (Province)