​Electronic warfare (EW) encompasses a range of technological strategies and devices aimed at disrupting, deceiving, or misleading enemy electronic systems. EW systems utilize radio frequency (RF) or optical signals to impair or manipulate the functionality of adversarial systems. These systems are crucial for gaining strategic advantages on the battlefield and typically consist of two main components: Electronic Support (ES) and Electronic Countermeasures (ECM).​

Electronic Support (ES) Systems

ES systems are responsible for detecting, analyzing, and monitoring enemy signals, which may include radar emissions, radio communications, and other electromagnetic transmissions. The primary objective of ES systems is to comprehend the electronic activities of adversaries and provide accurate intelligence. Due to the dynamic nature of modern electronic communications, ES systems often employ specialized algorithms to address challenges in signal detection and analysis. The rapid evolution of radar and communication technologies, which can alter transmission parameters in microseconds, poses significant challenges for ES systems in tracking and analysis.​

ES systems also encompass radar, missile, and laser warning functionalities. These warning systems operate on binary classification or anomaly detection principles, functioning in environments where threats are rare but necessitate immediate and accurate alerts to prevent casualties and avoid attacks.​

Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) Systems

ECM systems serve defensive and offensive roles against enemy electronic systems. Defensive ECM systems aim to deceive or mislead threats such as infrared-guided missiles or tracking radars, while offensive ECM systems focus on disrupting enemy communications and radar systems.​

Defensive ECM Systems:

• Flare: Infrared-guided missiles track heat sources, typically targeting aircraft engine exhausts. To counter this, aircraft deploy flares—high-temperature burning objects composed of materials like magnesium—that attract the missile, diverting it from the aircraft.​
• Chaff: Chaff consists of small, conductive materials, often aluminum, dispersed to create false targets on radar screens, confusing enemy radar systems. This technique has been in use since World War II.​
• Corner Reflector: A corner reflector reflects incoming electromagnetic signals back toward their source, creating false radar targets. This principle is also applied in laser systems, where corner reflectors are made from glass prisms.​

Offensive ECM Systems:

• Jamming: Jamming involves emitting high-power signals to interfere with enemy radar or communication systems. Effective jamming requires precise knowledge of the enemy's frequency usage and timing to disrupt targeted systems without wasting resources.​

Electronic Warfare and Its Future

EW plays a pivotal role in modern military strategies; however, it faces challenges due to advancements in radar and communication technologies. The ability of enemy systems to rapidly change transmission parameters can limit the effectiveness of EW systems. Additionally, the increasing sophistication of radar and communication systems necessitates more complex EW strategies to maintain operational superiority.