The Stone Mosque (Haho Church) is a historic structure located in Bağbaşı (formerly Haho) village in the Tortum district of Erzurum province. Constructed between 976 and 1001 by III. David of the Georgian Bagratid dynasty in the late 10th century, the building originally served as a monastery church dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Over time, it was used for various purposes and was eventually converted into a mosque in the 19th century, acquiring the name “Stone Mosque.”

^{Taş Mosque (Turkish Cultural Portal)}

Historical Background and Construction Process

The Stone Mosque (Haho Church) was part of a religious and culturally significant complex within the borders of the medieval Georgian Kingdom. Commissioned by King III. David, the monastery complex functioned not only as a place of worship but also as a center for education, production, and manuscript activities. The complex covers an area of approximately 60x50 meters and is surrounded by walls about three meters high.

In addition to the main church, the monastery area included three separate chapels, a baptistery, dining hall, monk cells, a library-scriptorium, and various workshops.

^{The Interior (T.C. Governor of Erzurum)}

Architectural Features

The architecture of the Stone Mosque is in line with classic Georgian Orthodox church plans, combining a closed Greek cross plan with a basilica plan. The central nave is wider and higher than the side naves; a dome-covered naos section is located in the center of the main space. The entrance is provided by a round-arched door located in the middle of the building's long sides.

Although the mosque appears quite simple from the outside, it has a striking decoration program inside. The walls, apse section, and areas transitioning to the dome feature frescoes depicting Jesus, Mary, and saints. Among the relief decorations, figures such as lions, bulls, eagles, and the mythological creature griffin occupy a significant space. These animal figures carry symbolic meanings and reflect the artistic sensibilities of the period.

The apse section is elevated by a tall tower resting on a cylindrical drum, a structural form that shares architectural affinities with other Georgian churches in the region.

^{The frescoes (T.C. Governor of Erzurum)}

Conversion to a Mosque and Usage

During the Ottoman era, due to social and demographic changes in the region, Haho Church was converted into a mosque, receiving the name Stone Mosque. Some architectural elements were preserved while others were adapted for functional purposes.

Natural Environment and Ecotourism Potential

The Stone Mosque is located in the southwest of Tortum Lake within the Çoruh Valley, an area known for its natural beauty. The fast-flowing Çoruh River adds geographic dynamism, and the valley is home to rich biodiversity. The area offers considerable potential for nature tourism and eco-tourism activities, including birdwatching, hiking, and nature photography.