Hasan Ali Toptaş’s 1995 novel Gölgesizler is one of the narratives in Turkish literature where modern storytelling techniques are interwoven with traditional fairy tale elements. The text features a multi-layered structure in which the boundaries between reality and fantasy, past and present, and individual and society become blurred. Concepts such as identity, existence, nonexistence, belonging, and oblivion are explored in both rural and urban contexts.

Content and Theme

The novel begins in a barbershop in the city but soon shifts toward a village in Anatolia, following a narrative structure that constantly questions the perception of reality. Events begin with the disappearance of an individual and escalate as other villagers also vanish one by one. This progression unfolds not through rational cause-and-effect relationships, but rather along a plane shaped by individual streams of consciousness and collective memory.

The novel’s main themes include:

• Identity and loss of identity
• Individual loneliness and alienation
• Memory, forgetting, and remembering
• The fluidity between reality and dream
• The relationship between the individual and society
• A mythological and fairy tale-like perception of time

Narrative and Style

Gölgesizler is written in Hasan Ali Toptaş’s distinctive, multi-layered narrative style. In terms of time, space, and plot structure, the text is nonlinear. There are constant shifts between reality and fiction, consciousness and the unconscious. The narrative is shaped by techniques such as stream of consciousness, interior monologue, temporal leaps, and multiple perspectives.

At times, the novel's language approximates folk idioms; at others, it reaches a philosophically dense level of expression. Structurally, it employs postmodern narrative techniques.

Characters

• The Barber: A city-dweller and the narrator of the story, who attempts to remember and make sense of the people who have disappeared.
• The Village Headman and Villagers: Although they appear to be ordinary rural characters, they function as carriers of the story’s allegorical structure.
• The Disappearing Young Man (Cemil): A central character who represents the boundary between existence and nonexistence and stands at the heart of the narrative transformation.
• Other Characters: Fitting the fragmented structure of the narrative, these are functional figures whose identities are never fully defined.

Intellectual and Philosophical Context

The novel addresses not only individual identity but also collective memory and the unconscious. It delves into existential inquiries, the relationship between consciousness and reality, and perceptions of time. The work resonates with modern philosophical thought, evoking Jean-Paul Sartre’s individual-centered inquiries, Franz Kafka’s dark worlds tied to bureaucratic structures, and Jorge Luis Borges’s blending of reality and fiction.

Additionally, the rural-urban contrast indirectly reflects societal transformation and ruptures in Turkey.

Literary and Cultural Context

Gölgesizler is considered one of the notable examples of postmodern fiction in Turkish literature, a narrative form that became prominent especially in the 1990s. This structure, which blurs the line between fiction and reality, focuses on processes of disintegration and transformation on both individual and societal levels.

In 2009, the novel was adapted into a film of the same name by Ümit Ünal.