A hand grenade is a short-range explosive munition typically thrown by hand. It is used by military units for both defensive and offensive purposes. A typical hand grenade consists of an outer casing, explosive filler, ignition mechanism, and a fuse system. The casing is usually made of metal or plastic, and the explosive charge inside is detonated using various chemical components. To initiate the explosion, mechanisms such as fuses, chemical delay devices, or electronic ignition systems are used.

^{Visual of Hand Grenades(Anadolu Ajansı)}

History and Development

The first hand grenades were used by the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century. With the widespread use of gunpowder on the battlefield, hand grenades began to appear more frequently from the Middle Ages onward. The evolution of modern hand grenades took place in the early 20th century, particularly during World War I. The "Mills Bomb," developed by Britain during this period, is considered the predecessor of modern hand grenades. In later years, different designs such as Germany’s “Stielhandgranate” also emerged.

Operating Principle

The operating principle of conventional hand grenades generally relies on mechanical and chemical systems. The user pulls the safety pin and throws the grenade. This action releases the safety lever, allowing the spring-loaded striker to hit the primer. The impact ignites a chemical delay element, which triggers the explosion after a short delay of a few seconds. Since these systems can be affected by environmental conditions (humidity, temperature, pressure, etc.), they may pose safety risks at times.

In some advanced systems, sensor-supported electronic circuits are used instead of impact-based or time-delayed fuses. In these systems, the movement, direction, speed, and environmental factors of the grenade are analyzed by microcontrollers to issue or cancel the detonation command. This increases both user safety and operational effectiveness.

Types

Hand grenades are classified into different categories based on their functions:

• Fragmentation Grenades: When exploded, the casing shatters and disperses shrapnel. Used for both defensive and offensive purposes.
• Incendiary Grenades: Contain materials such as magnesium or thermite and generate intense heat.
• Smoke Grenades: Produce dense smoke to obscure visibility.
• Tear Gas Grenades: Commonly used by law enforcement for crowd control.
• Anti-Tank or Shaped Charge Grenades: Possess high destructive power against armored targets.

Additionally, there are training grenades and flash-bang grenades designed to train users or disorient targets.

Safety and Risks

Traditional hand grenades are systems that carry inherent risks for the user. Improper use, faulty fuses, or environmental factors can result in serious injury or death. According to a study conducted in Türkiye, between 2016 and 2019, 162 personnel died in 267 military work-related accidents; a significant portion of these incidents were caused by munitions. Various safety mechanisms, locking systems, and timers have been developed to ensure the safe use of hand grenades. However, these measures may still be insufficient in the face of human error or unexpected physical impacts.

Technological Developments and New-Generation Systems

Due to the risks associated with conventional systems, new-generation fuses with electronic control have been developed for hand grenades. For example, the “Distance-Controlled and Electronically-Supported Fuse” system is equipped with microcontrollers, acceleration/shock sensors, and arc ignition modules. With this system, the grenade will not explode unless a specific acceleration threshold is exceeded, a certain distance is reached, or unintended contact is detected—at which point it self-deactivates. This significantly reduces accidental detonations and improves user safety.

These systems also offer features such as adjusting detonation time according to the user’s throwing force, analyzing surface contact types to make triggering decisions, and functioning independently of external factors like heat, humidity, or electromagnetic waves. These newly developed fuse systems enable hand grenades to better meet the requirements of modern warfare.

Military and Legal Aspects

In national and international law, hand grenades fall under the category of conventional weapons and are subject to specific ethical rules and restrictions regarding their use. Conditions of use are defined by international laws of armed conflict to prevent harm to civilians. The use of homemade explosives and civilian possession of grenades is explicitly prohibited under the legislation of many countries.

Furthermore, the production, import, and export of hand grenades are strictly regulated under national defense and security policies. Organizations that design and manufacture hand grenades are regularly inspected by relevant ministries and regulatory authorities.

Hand grenades are among the munitions that have played a significant role in the evolution of warfare technology. Over time, their functionality and safety have improved, and with the integration of electronic components, they have become more controlled and secure. Nevertheless, they remain dangerous weapon systems requiring careful handling and advanced safety precautions.