Hearing loss or deafness is a condition where a person is unable to perceive sounds fully or partially. It can develop due to any problem within the auditory system and significantly affects an individual’s life quality. Hearing loss can be congenital (from birth) or may occur later due to aging, diseases, or environmental factors.

Types and Degrees of Hearing Loss

Hearing loss is classified into three main types:

• Conductive Hearing Loss: Caused by problems in transmitting sound from the outer ear to the middle ear. Examples include damage to the eardrum, fluid accumulation in the middle ear, or infections.
• Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Results from damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or auditory nerves. This type is usually permanent and the most common.
• Mixed Hearing Loss: Contains features of both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.

The degrees of hearing loss are classified as mild, moderate, severe, and profound, based on the hearing threshold measured in decibels (dB). This classification is important for planning treatment.

Causes and Risk Factors

Major causes of hearing loss include genetic factors, aging, prolonged exposure to loud noise, infections, ear trauma, and toxic side effects of some medications. Hearing loss is particularly common in older adults, with genetic and environmental factors often interacting to increase severity.

Genetic hearing loss is divided into syndromic and nonsyndromic types. Syndromic hearing loss occurs alongside symptoms in other systems. For example, Pendred syndrome involves hearing loss and thyroid disorders, while Usher syndrome includes both hearing loss and vision loss.

Symptoms and Diagnostic Methods

Common symptoms of hearing loss include difficulty understanding speech, especially high-frequency sounds, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and communication difficulties in social settings. These symptoms may lead to social isolation and psychological problems. Hearing tests such as audiometry are used for diagnosis. Early diagnosis is critical, especially for children’s speech and communication development.

Treatment and Rehabilitation

Treatment depends on the type and severity of hearing loss. Conductive hearing loss may be treated with surgery or medication. For sensorineural hearing loss, hearing aids and cochlear implants are the most effective options. Additionally, sign language training and psychosocial support programs are important for improving the social and communication skills of hearing-impaired individuals.

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Quality of Life and Social Impact

Hearing loss complicates daily life and social interactions. Communication difficulties increase the risk of loneliness and depression. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate intervention are crucial for health and social well-being. Raising public awareness about hearing impairment and promoting accessible communication methods are also necessary.

Prevention

To prevent hearing loss, exposure to high-decibel sounds should be limited. The use of protective equipment at workplaces, regular hearing tests, and educational awareness programs play a critical role in preserving hearing health. Additionally, monitoring individuals with genetic risks and early intervention programs are important.