The kandil candle is a unique element of Islamic culture, typically used as a special lighting instrument accompanying religious ceremonies. While it functions as a source of light, it has also gained spiritual and symbolic meanings throughout history. Since the Ottoman period, these candles have been lit in mosques and homes on holy nights, and this practice has survived as a cherished tradition among the people.
History
The tradition of the kandil candle dates back to the Ottoman Empire. The nights known as Kandil Geceleri (Kandil Nights)—Regaip, Miraj, Bara’ah (Berat), Mawlid, and Qadr—derived their name from the illuminated oil lamps (kandils) hung between mosque minarets on these nights. Not only mosques, but also homes were illuminated in various ways on these occasions. In particular, in Istanbul, preparations for these nights were made among palace circles and religious schools (madrasas), with mosques being lit using kandil candles.
Before the advent of electricity, candles made night-time worship possible and symbolically “enlightened” the sacred space. In this context, the kandil candle served not only as a light source but also as a spiritual symbol and medium of reflection.
Physical Characteristics and Manufacturing Techniques
Traditionally, kandil candles were made from beeswax, animal fats, and later paraffin. The wick was made from cotton thread. Their main characteristics are as follows:
- They are typically cylindrical or occasionally conical in shape.
- Designed to burn for long periods (between 3 to 6 hours).
- Usually produced in colorless or light yellow hues, and rarely in white.
- Fragrance-free and dye-free; a plain, modest form is preferred.
- Traditionally hand-poured, though today they are mostly mass-produced. However, in some religious communities, handmade kandil candles are still favored.
Uses and Practices
The primary areas of use for kandil candles are:
- Mosques: On kandil nights, the mihrab (prayer niche) and minbar (pulpit) areas are illuminated with candles, especially during prayer times and sermons.
- Homes: Some families prepare their homes for worship on kandil nights and enhance the spiritual atmosphere by lighting candles.
- Charitable Distribution: In rural areas, it is common to gift kandil candles along with kandil simidi (a special type of sesame-covered bagel) to neighbors. This is part of a tradition of goodwill and communal sharing.
Symbolic Meaning and Linguistic Reflections
The kandil candle symbolizes “light” and “divine illumination” in popular culture. In Islamic tradition, nūr (light) is associated with divine enlightenment and knowledge. Thus, the kandil candle also represents “inner illumination” on a spiritual level.
The Turkish idiom “kandil gibi yanmak” (“to burn like a kandil”) is used to describe someone who selflessly devotes themselves to others, often to the point of exhaustion. This expression reinforces the symbolic value of the candle in everyday language.
Contemporary Presence
In modern urban life, the widespread use of electric lighting has led to a significant decline in the use of kandil candles. Nevertheless, in certain parts of Anatolia, among mosque congregations and within Sufi orders, this tradition continues to be preserved.
As part of religious and cultural heritage, kandil candles are also sold as souvenirs, especially during religious holidays, and are used for nostalgic purposes. Some religious publishers offer special kandil gift sets that include a candle along with small prayer booklets.
