Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) is a widely used semiconductor component today and functions as a switch and amplifier in electronic circuits. MOSFET is defined as Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor and has a gate electrode made of metal, which is separated by a very thin oxide layer (typically silicon dioxide).

This structure has led to the MOSFET being referred to as the "Insulated Gate" (IGFET) because there is electrical insulation between the gate terminal and the main conductive channel. This insulation allows the MOSFET to have a very high input impedance and enables zero current to be applied to the gate terminal.

MOSFETs are typically made from n-type (N-channel) or p-type (P-channel) semiconductors and can operate in two main modes: Enhancement mode and Depletion mode.

^{N Channel and P Channel MOSFET}

Operating Principle

The MOSFET consists of three main terminals: Gate (G), Drain (D), and Source (S). The Body (B) terminal is usually connected to the source and is typically not used in the circuit. The voltage applied to the gate terminal controls the flow of current through the channel. The gate terminal controls two states, such as a closed circuit or an open circuit.

The MOSFET's operating principle is based on changing the concentration of free carriers (electrons or holes) in the channel, depending on the voltage applied to the gate terminal.

Enhancement and Depletion Modes

1. Enhancement Mode: This type of MOSFET is in the off state when the gate-source voltage (VGS) is zero. A conductive channel forms when a gate voltage is applied, allowing current to pass. In an N-channel enhancement MOSFET, a positive VGS attracts electrons along the channel and increases conductivity, enabling current flow. In a P-channel enhancement MOSFET, a negative VGS attracts holes along the channel, increasing conductivity.
2. Depletion Mode: These MOSFETs are conductive when the gate-source voltage is zero. However, applying a gate voltage reduces the conductivity of the channel. In N-channel depletion MOSFETs, a negative VGS reduces the electron density in the channel, preventing current flow. In P-channel depletion MOSFETs, a positive VGS reduces the hole density in the channel.

^{Enhancement Mode and Depletion Mode}

Operating Regions

MOSFETs can function in the following three main operating regions:

1. Cut-off Region: When VGS is smaller than the threshold voltage (Vth), the MOSFET is completely off, and no current flows between the drain and the source.
2. Linear Region: When VGS is greater than the threshold voltage and VDS_on is smaller than VGS, the MOSFET behaves like a controlled resistor, allowing current to flow.
3. Saturation Region: When VGS exceeds the threshold voltage and VDS_on exceeds VGS, the MOSFET reaches full conduction, and the current becomes constant between the drain and source.

Applications

MOSFETs have a wide range of applications. In digital circuits, especially in CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) technology, they are fundamental components for logic gates and microprocessors. They are also used in high-speed switching circuits, power converters (such as buck and boost converters), and analog amplifier circuits. Due to their high input impedance and low switching losses, MOSFETs are highly efficient for power electronics applications.

MOSFETs are powerful, efficient, and versatile devices with high input impedance and low input current. They are widely used as switches and amplifiers in digital and analog circuits. N-channel and P-channel MOSFETs, particularly for their low power consumption and high switching speeds, are essential building blocks of modern electronic devices.