The Mountain Hare (Lepus timidus) is a mammal species adapted to cold climates and is commonly found in mountainous and tundra regions of the Northern Hemisphere. This species is particularly notable for its seasonal coat color, which changes from white in winter to brown or gray tones in summer. This adaptation is crucial for camouflage against snow-covered surroundings. The Mountain Hare plays a significant role in maintaining ecological balance due to its ability to thrive in harsh climates and challenging habitats.

Morphological Characteristics and Physiology

The Mountain Hare is a medium-sized species, typically measuring between 40 to 70 cm in length and weighing between 2 to 5 kg. Its fur is thick and varies with the seasons. In winter, the white coat aids in protection from predators by blending in with snowy environments. In summer, darker brown or gray tones help it adapt to its surroundings. This seasonal change in coloration is one of the species’ most distinctive traits and is fundamental to its survival strategy.

The Mountain Hare's body structure is well-suited for cold environments; it has a short tail, powerful hind legs, and broad feet that facilitate movement over snow. It can adjust its metabolic rate and energy expenditure according to seasonal conditions, allowing it to conserve energy during the food-scarce winter months.

^{White Mountain Hare (Generated by Artificial Intelligence)}

Habitat and Distribution

The mountain hare (Lepus timidus) inhabits northern regions of Europe and Asia, particularly Scandinavia, Russia, Scotland, the Alps, and other high-altitude mountainous areas. Its preferred habitats include tundra, open forests, shrublands, and mountainous terrains. This species is generally found in snow-covered areas but may descend to lower altitudes during the summer months as the snow melts. Seasonal snow cover is an important factor influencing habitat selection.

Human activities and tourism impose stress on mountain hare populations. Individuals living in areas with high tourism activity exhibit elevated stress hormone levels, which can negatively affect their quality of life and reproductive success. Therefore, the conservation of habitats inhabited by this species and minimizing human impacts are of great importance.

Feeding and Behavior

The mountain hare is a herbivorous species. Its diet primarily consists of herbaceous plants, shrubs, young tree shoots, and bark. During winter months, when food availability is limited, it feeds on bark and woody plants. Although the nutritional quality of these food sources decreases during this period, they are critical for survival.

The species’ daily activities are mostly concentrated during twilight and nighttime hours, which increases its chances of avoiding predators. The mountain hare exhibits territorial behavior and certain social structures, but it generally lives alone or in small groups.

^{Twilight-Feeding Mountain Hare (Generated by Artificial Intelligence)}

Seasonal Color Change and Camouflage

One of the most notable features of the Mountain Hare is its fur color change according to the seasons. During winter, its white coat provides camouflage in snowy environments, reducing predation pressure. However, in recent years, observed climate change has shortened the duration of snow cover, leading to a mismatch between the period when the fur is white and the actual presence of snow. This mismatch increases the risk of predation and affects population dynamics.

Conservation Status and Human Impacts

Despite its wide distribution, the Mountain Hare experiences population declines in some areas due to habitat loss, climate change, and human influences. Tourism activities and habitat destruction elevate stress levels and alter natural behaviors of the species. This situation necessitates the development of conservation measures, especially for vulnerable populations.

Conservation programs focus on protecting natural habitats, sustainable ecosystem management, and regulating human activities. Mitigating the effects of climate change and ensuring habitat continuity are critical for the future survival of the Mountain Hare.