A national anthem is an official musical text that symbolizes a state's sovereignty, social unity, historical memory, and ideological values. Alongside national symbols such as the flag and the coat of arms, national anthems are also expressions of a country's political identity. They are generally composed in the form of a poem set to music; the lyrics are usually written by a poet or writer, while the melody (composition) is typically the work of a professional composer.
Historical Development
National anthems conceptually emerged alongside modernization processes. Beginning in the late 18th century, the rise of nation-state ideology in Europe necessitated the unification of the people around common values; this led to the formalization of cultural codes (language, history, music, etc.). One of the first examples of a national anthem is "God Save the King" (England, around 1745), which expresses loyalty to the monarchy, while "La Marseillaise" (France, 1795) is a revolutionary call to the people. These two examples reflect the ideological diversity of national anthems: some emphasize loyalty to a dynasty, while others prioritize the idea of popular sovereignty.
Functions
National anthems have both symbolic and functional roles:
- Political function: Represents the sovereignty of the state and is played at diplomatic ceremonies to represent the country.
- Social function: Reinforces the sense of collective belonging; revives the common memory of the society.
- Educational function: Instills a sense of citizenship through regular recitation in educational institutions.
- Military and ceremonial function: Used in official parades, memorial days, international competitions, and military ceremonies.
Musical and Literary Structure
National anthems are usually composed in major keys; this choice allows the emphasis of emotions such as enthusiasm, hope, and determination. In terms of rhythm, march forms are arranged to suit a walking tempo. The lyrics are typically short, easy to memorize, and suitable for loud group singing.
Common themes found in national anthem lyrics include:
- Love of country and nation
- Independence and freedom
- Historical struggles and heroism
- Devotion to God or sacred values
Selection Process and Legal Status
In most countries, national anthems are determined through a special legal process. In some countries, the anthem is defined directly by the constitution or a related law. In others, it has been adopted through government decrees or traditional public acceptance. Competitions are often held to choose the anthem and its composition, and the winning pieces are granted official status.
The Case of Turkey: The İstiklâl Marşı
The national anthem of the Republic of Turkey, the İstiklâl Marşı ("Independence March"), was adopted by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1921. Its poet is Mehmet Âkif Ersoy, the national poet. The anthem consists of ten stanzas and reflects the hardships of the War of Independence and the ideal of national sovereignty. Its composition was made in 1930 by Osman Zeki Üngör and came into effect in 1932.
In Turkey, the İstiklâl Marşı is recited or played at state ceremonies, school openings, international sports events, and military activities. Usually, only the first two stanzas are recited.
Forms of Use and Protocol
According to international protocol, national anthems are recited while standing and in a gesture of respect. It is customary to play the anthem while the flag is raised or lowered. In sports competitions between two countries, the national anthem of the visiting team is played first.
Criticism and Debates
In some countries, the content of national anthems may become the subject of criticism over time. These criticisms usually focus on sexist, racist, or militaristic expressions. Consequently, some states have chosen to change or revise their anthems. For example, South Africa adopted a new anthem in 1997 suitable for the post-Apartheid era.
