Plastic pollution refers to the contamination caused by plastic waste that either does not decompose in nature or takes an extremely long time to degrade. This pollution, which spreads uncontrollably into the environment, particularly accumulates in seas, oceans, rivers, and soil, harming ecosystems, wildlife, and human health.

Plastic has become an indispensable part of modern life, yet it has also introduced severe environmental challenges. One of the most pressing issues is plastic pollution in the oceans, which poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems. Originating directly from human activities, this form of pollution affects not only marine life but also, indirectly, the health of humanity as a whole.

Sources of Plastic Pollution

The majority of plastic waste entering the oceans originates from land-based sources. Inadequate urban waste management, unconscious consumption habits, and improper disposal methods lead to plastics being carried to the seas by wind, rain, and rivers. Single-use plastics—such as bottles, packaging materials, bags, and straws—are among the most frequently encountered pollutants in marine environments. Additionally, fishing gear, including nets and other equipment, represents a major source of plastic waste.

Microplastics also pose a significant threat. These particles, smaller than 5 millimeters, are either manufactured directly or result from the breakdown of larger plastic items over time. Microplastics infiltrate all levels of the food chain, starting with plankton, and potentially threaten human health.

_{A sea turtle affected by plastic pollution. (Generated with artificial intelligence.)}

Impacts on Ocean Ecosystems

Plastic pollution causes both direct and indirect harm to marine life. Many marine animals ingest plastic items, mistaking them for food, which can lead to intestinal blockages, organ damage, and ultimately death. Sea turtles, seabirds, and whales are among the most vulnerable species. Moreover, toxic chemicals and pathogens accumulate on plastic debris, disrupting the chemical balance of marine ecosystems. When plankton consume microplastics, these substances accumulate at the base of the food web, triggering biomagnification—a process that affects the entire ecosystem. Coral reefs are also seriously threatened by plastic pollution; studies have shown that plastics increase the risk of disease in corals by up to 80%.

Effects on Human Health

Plastic waste in the oceans does not only endanger marine life but also poses serious risks to human health. Microplastics can enter the human body through seafood consumption and may accumulate, leading to long-term health problems. Research indicates that microplasticscan trigger inflammatory responses and may have toxic effects in the human body. Additionally, chemicals released during the production and disposal of plastics contribute to air and water pollution, indirectly affecting public health.

An image representing the impact of plastic pollution. (Generated with artificial intelligence.)

Solutions

Addressing plastic pollution requires action at individual, institutional, and international levels. Reducing the use of single-use plastics, improving plastic waste collection and recycling systems, and promoting environmentally friendly alternatives are essential steps. Public awareness campaigns and encouraging behavioral change regarding plastic use also play a critical role in reducing pollution.

On an international scale, strengthening global agreements aimed at tackling marine pollution could significantly help control plastic waste. In this regard, the UN-led negotiations initiated in 2022 for a global plastic treaty are considered a key step toward progress. Combating plastic pollution must be a central focus of environmental policy and be a shared responsibility of all societies.