Teacher burnout is a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion experienced by practicing teachers as a result of prolonged exposure to the stress and demands of their profession. This condition, commonly seen in occupations that require intense and direct interaction with people, is widely recognized as a frequent phenomenon in the teaching profession.

Definition and Historical Development

The concept of burnout was first introduced in 1974 by Herbert Freudenberger to describe conditions he observed among volunteer health workers, such as fatigue, loss of energy, frustration, and lack of motivation. Freudenberger defined burnout as "a state of exhaustion resulting from failed, worn-out, or dissipated energy, or from unmet demands on one's inner resources".

In the 1980s, the concept was further developed by Christina Maslach and Susan E. Jackson, gaining widespread traction in the social sciences. Maslach and Jackson treated burnout as a "syndrome with physical and mental dimensions, encompassing negative attitudes an individual displays toward their work, life, and other people". Their work, along with the development of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), enabled the empirical study of the concept.

Theoretical Approaches and Dimensions

The most widely accepted model in burnout research is the three-dimensional theoretical framework developed by Maslach and her colleagues. According to this model, teacher burnout consists of three core components:

Emotional Exhaustion

Considered the central and most fundamental component of burnout, this dimension refers to a teacher's feeling of being overly tired, drained, and depleted of energy due to the emotional demands of their job. Teachers who feel their emotional resources are exhausted may experience great anxiety and reluctance about going to work the next day. This is particularly evident in professions like teaching, where intense, face-to-face interaction is unavoidable.

Depersonalization

This dimension involves the development of cynical, negative, and detached attitudes toward the students, parents, and colleagues one serves. An individual experiencing emotional exhaustion may, as a defense mechanism, create distance between themselves and the people they serve, treating them as objects rather than individuals. This results in the person becoming cold and indifferent to the problems and demands of others.

Reduced Personal Accomplishment

This dimension refers to a teacher's perception of themselves as incompetent and unsuccessful in their profession. The individual feels they cannot overcome work-related problems, are not progressing in their career, and are failing to achieve their goals. This is characterized by low morale, a poor self-concept, and a negative evaluation of one's work.

Another model related to teacher burnout was proposed by Kyriacou and Suttcliffe in 1978. According to this model, stress and burnout are the result of a teacher's perceptions, such as believing the demands upon them are excessive, struggling to meet these demands, and feeling their mental and physical health is endangered by their perceived failures.

Factors Causing Burnout

Teacher burnout arises from the interaction of a series of individual, social, and organizational factors. Research categorizes these factors into two main groups.

Individual and Social Factors

Factors in this group encompass the teacher's demographic characteristics and personal life. These include variables such as age, gender, marital status, educational level, professional seniority, personality traits, and job satisfaction. Support from family and social circles (friends, colleagues) are also significant social factors that affect burnout levels. However, many studies have shown that demographic variables (gender, age, marital status, education level, and professional seniority) do not create a significant difference in teachers' perceptions of burnout.

Organizational and Professional Factors

These factors, related to the institution where the teacher works and the nature of the profession, are seen as having a more pronounced effect on burnout. Key organizational and professional factors include:

• Workload and Working Conditions: Excessive workload, crowded classrooms, and inadequate materials and resources are effective elements in causing teacher burnout.

• Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict: A lack of clarity or contradiction in the tasks and responsibilities expected of a teacher can lead to stress and burnout.

• Student Behavior: Student discipline problems, disinterest in lessons, and problematic behaviors are among the most frequently cited causes of teacher burnout.

• Social Support and Management: A lack of perceived social support from school administrators and colleagues is a factor that increases burnout. The leadership style displayed by administrators is also a determinant in this process. Findings suggest that transformational and transactional leadership styles reduce burnout, while laissez-faire leadership increases it.

• Lack of Reward and Recognition: Insufficient recognition or reward for teachers' efforts and achievements creates an effort-reward imbalance, paving the way for burnout.

• Technology and Professional Competence: Deficiencies in the technology literacy skills expected of teachers in the information society and the failure to provide adequate in-service training in this area can lead to feelings of professional inadequacy and, consequently, burnout. There is a negative relationship between a teacher's belief in their professional competence and their level of burnout.

Measurement

The most widely used tool in the literature for measuring teacher burnout is the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), developed by Maslach and Jackson. An Educator Form (MTE-EF) of the inventory has been developed for professionals working in the education sector, such as teachers.

This scale consists of subscales that measure the three dimensions of burnout: "Emotional Exhaustion," "Depersonalization," and "Personal Accomplishment". The inventory was adapted into Turkish by C. Ergin (1992), and its validity and reliability studies were conducted. In the scoring system, high scores on the Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization subscales and low scores on the Personal Accomplishment subscale indicate a high level of burnout.

Consequences and Prevention

Teacher burnout leads to various negative consequences at both the individual and organizational levels.

• Consequences for the Teacher: Teachers experiencing burnout may suffer from psychological issues such as depression, anxiety, and a decline in self-esteem, as well as job dissatisfaction, lack of motivation, and thoughts of leaving the profession.

• Consequences for Students and the Educational Process: Burned-out teachers tend to be less empathetic and more distant toward their students. This negatively affects the classroom climate, leading to a decline in the quality of education and negatively impacting students' academic achievement.

• Consequences for the School and Society: Teacher burnout is not limited to the school; it has the potential to indirectly affect all societal sectors through the human resources it produces.

Preventing burnout requires interventions at both the individual and organizational levels. Some recommended strategies include:

• Organizational Support: It is important for school administrators to provide positive feedback and social support to teachers and to create a positive work atmosphere in the school.

• Professional Development: Continuous and effective in-service training programs should be organized to enhance teachers' professional competencies, especially in areas like technology use and classroom management. Offering these training programs through online platforms can overcome time and space constraints, allowing more teachers to be reached.

• Increasing Awareness: Awareness should be created, especially for new teacher candidates, by providing information about the causes, effects, and coping mechanisms for burnout.

• Social Sharing Environments: Creating physical or virtual (online) environments where teachers can share their problems with colleagues, show solidarity, and feel they are not alone can help reduce feelings of burnout.

Related Policies and Regulations in Türkiye

In Türkiye, there are various national policies that indirectly affect the working conditions and professional competencies of teachers. Particularly in the Development Plans and Informatics Councils prepared since the 1980s, the goal of transforming Türkiye into an "information society" has been emphasized. These documents include objectives such as disseminating technology in education, increasing computer literacy, and organizing in-service training for teachers.

However, it has been observed that there are sometimes shortcomings in achieving the goals stated in these plans and in fully implementing the policies. These discrepancies between policy and practice can lead to the persistence of resource shortages in schools and leave teachers to fend for themselves in areas like technology integration, which in turn can become a factor that triggers burnout.