John Ray (1627–1705) was a naturalist renowned for his observations in botany and was referred to in his time as the “Father of Natural History.” Thanks to the language education he received at the University of Cambridge, he wrote his works in Latin, making them influential throughout Europe.

Early Life and Education

John Ray was born on November 29, 1627, in the village of Black Notley, Essex, England. His father was a blacksmith named Roger Ray, and his mother was Elizabeth Ray. He began his education at the grammar school in Braintree, where he developed skills in Latin, penmanship, and memorization. In 1644, he was admitted to Catherine Hall (later transferred to Trinity College) at the University of Cambridge. There, he studied classical languages (Latin) and completed his bachelor’s degree in 1647–48 and his master’s degree in 1651. He taught Greek, mathematics, and the humanities at various times.

Academic Career and Religious Stance

In 1649, Ray was elected as a fellow at Trinity College. However, with the enactment of the “Act of Uniformity” in 1662—which was seen as a restriction of freedom of expression—he resigned from his university position, as he refused to take the oath required by the act. As a result, he lost both his church office and academic position.

Scientific Work

Ray is considered one of the first naturalists to systematically record his observations of plants and animals. His Catalogus Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium, published in 1660, was his first major work and included observations in both botany and entomology. In the following years, he published works such as Methodus Plantarum (1682) and the three-volume Historia Plantarum (1686, 1688, 1704).

He also made important contributions to entomology. His descriptions of insect developmental stages, parasites, and behaviors were compiled in Historia Insectorum (1710). He made observations on the structure of honeycombs, ant behavior, and the foam produced by spittlebugs.

Travels and Collaborations

During the 1650s and 1660s, Ray conducted natural observations in Northern England, Wales, Scotland, and on the continent of Europe. Some of these journeys were made with his student and patron Francis Willughby. The two decided to divide their work, with Ray focusing on plants and Willughby on animals. After Willughby’s death, Ray completed and published his work. Ornithologia (1676) and Historia Piscium (1686) are products of this collaboration.

Natural Theology and Intellectual Outlook

One of Ray’s most widely read and influential works was The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of Creation (1691). In this work, he presented nature as a reflection of God’s order and wisdom. Ray stated that he approached nature not only with scientific curiosity but also with a sense of religious duty.

Later Years and Death

From 1679 onward, Ray lived in Black Notley, dedicating his final years to writing and observing nature. He had four daughters with his wife, Margaret Oakley. His daughters also assisted him with his entomological studies. Ray died on January 17, 1705, in his birthplace of Black Notley.