What is a Periscope?

A periscope is an optical instrument used to observe the environment from behind obstacles or underwater. In a periscope, flat mirrors or prisms are placed at each end at a 45 degree angle inside a tube. This arrangement redirects light, allowing the user to observe an area that is not directly visible. In some advanced periscopes, lenses are also used to magnify the image.

Generated by artificial intelligence

History

The first prototype of the periscope was developed in 1854 by French chemist Hippolyte Marié-Davy. In 1902, American engineer Simon Lake adapted this design for use in submarines. With contributions from Irish optical designer Sir Howard Grubb, periscopes attained their modern form.

How Does It Work?

Periscopes operate on the principle of light reflection. Incoming light is reflected off the first mirror onto the second mirror, which then directs it into the observer’s eye. Both mirrors are positioned at a 45 degree angle to the horizontal plane. This configuration causes the light rays to change direction by 90 degrees, enabling the user to observe an area that is not directly visible.

Generated by artificial intelligence

Where Is It Used?

·      Military Applications: Periscopes are used especially in submarines to observe the water surface. They have also been employed in tanks and trenches to monitor enemy movements.

·      Civilian Use: They provide a safe means of observation in hazardous areas such as nuclear research facilities.

·      Education: Periscopes are also used as educational tools to demonstrate the principles of light reflection.

TRT Çocuk, Surprise Box – How to Make a Periscope

Today

Today, periscopes are equipped with more advanced technologies. Thanks to fiber optic technology, thinner and longer periscopes have been developed, with enhanced night and day vision capabilities. Additionally, the interior of the periscope tube is filled with dry air or nitrogen gas to prevent fogging.

References

TÜBİTAK Bilim Genç. “Let’s Observe the Reflected Rays in a Periscope.” Accessed 10 May 2025. https://bilimgenc.tubitak.gov.tr/makale/periskopta-yansiyan-isinlari-gozlemleyelim.

Kültür ve Yaşam. “Periscope: Usage Areas and Invention Journey.” Accessed 10 May 2025. https://kulturveyasam.com/periskop-kullanim-alanlari-ve-icat-seruveni/.

Fenbilim.net. “What Is a Periscope?” Accessed 10 May 2025. https://www.fenbilim.net/2016/03/periskop-nedir.html.