Brazilian cuisine, shaped by prolonged interactions among African, European, and Indigenous cultures, presents a multi-layered gastronomic system characterized by regional differences. Within this context, Acarajé stands out as a significant dish associated with the cultural and religious practices of Afro-Brazilian communities, particularly in the northeastern state of Bahia. More than just a street food or a daily dietary item, Acarajé has become an essential component of religious rituals and expressions of social identity within the belief system of Candomblé.

Historical and Cultural Origins of Acarajé

Acarajé is historically rooted in the culinary traditions of the Yoruba people of West Africa. Its etymology derives from the Yoruba words àkàrà (fried bean paste) and jé (to eat). Similar dishes, commonly known as akara, continue to be consumed in contemporary Nigeria and Benin, prepared using comparable methods. Acarajé is directly linked to the gastronomic heritage of African populations forcibly transported to Brazil through the transatlantic slave trade. Between the 16th and 19th centuries, enslaved Africans brought their dietary customs to Brazil, adapting them to new environmental conditions and integrating local ingredients.

The city of Salvador, the capital of Bahia, is recognized as the principal center where Acarajé is most commonly and traditionally consumed. Within the Afro-Brazilian religion of Candomblé, Acarajé possesses spiritual significance. In Candomblé, Acarajé is offered as a votive food to the sea goddess Iansã and is regarded as a sacred element during religious ceremonies. Thus, Acarajé serves not only a culinary function but also holds religious and symbolic meaning.

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Structural Characteristics and Preparation Process

Acarajé is primarily prepared by transforming peeled and ground dried cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) into a thick batter. According to traditional methods, the batter is processed using a stone mortar and pestle (pilão) and mixed until a homogeneous consistency is achieved. The resulting dough is typically seasoned with grated onions and salt. At this stage, the texture and aeration of the batter are critical for achieving a crispy exterior and a soft interior during the frying process.

The prepared batter is hand-shaped and traditionally deep-fried in dendê oil (palm oil). Originating from West Africa, dendê oil imparts both a distinctive color and a pronounced aroma to the food. During frying, maintaining proper oil temperature is essential to preserve the structural integrity of the Acarajé. Once fried with a hollow center, the fritters are typically cooled and sliced open for stuffing.

The filling traditionally includes vatapá (a thick paste made from breadcrumbs, peanuts, cashews, coconut milk, and dendê oil), caruru (a sauce made with okra and peanuts), dried shrimp, hot pepper sauce, and salad. In some variations, green peppers and onions are also used. Functionally, Acarajé can be served both as a main dish and a snack.

Socio-Cultural and Nutritional Context

Acarajé is a street food primarily produced and consumed by Afro-Brazilian communities in both urban and rural areas of the state of Bahia, Brazil. The women who sell Acarajé on the streets are referred to as baianas do acarajé, a figure widely recognized as a cultural symbol of Bahia. These women are typically dressed in traditional white garments and headscarves, and they are regarded as representatives of both religious and social traditions. In 2005, Brazil’s National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN) officially recognized the preparation and sale of Acarajé as part of the country’s intangible cultural heritage.

In religious practices, especially in Candomblé ceremonies, Acarajé is prepared as a sacred food and offered to specific deities. In this context, the methods of preparation and presentation of Acarajé are shaped by religious regulations and involve ritual adherence at every stage. From a nutritional standpoint, Acarajé is a high-energy food. Cowpeas provide a significant source of plant-based protein, while deep frying in dendê oil contributes to a high fat content. Fillings such as vatapá and caruru further increase the caloric density of the dish. Although its high fat and calorie content call for moderate consumption, Acarajé continues to serve as a key component of energy-dense diets in traditional communities.

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Acarajé: Ingredients and Preparation Process

Main Ingredients

For the Dough

500 grams dried cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata), peeled and soaked overnight
1 large onion (finely chopped or grated)
1 teaspoon salt
(Optional) 1 tablespoon grated green pepper or chopped cilantro (included in some regional variations)

For Frying

Sufficient quantity of dendê oil (palm oil)
(Recommended for deep frying)

For the Filling

Vatapá (a purée made of breadcrumbs, peanuts, cashew nuts, coconut milk, and dendê oil)
Caruru (a thick sauce made with okra, peanuts, and dendê oil)
Dried shrimp (small-sized and salted, preferably pre-cleaned)
Hot pepper sauce (optional)
A simple salad of chopped tomato, onion, and cilantro (optional)

Preparation Steps

1. Preparing the Dough

The peeled cowpeas are soaked in water overnight.
After soaking, the beans are drained and mashed into a purée using a traditional stone mortar and pestle (pilão) or a modern food processor.
Grated onion and salt are added and mixed until a homogeneous dough is obtained.
The dough should be thick yet aerated, ensuring a crispy exterior and soft interior when fried.

2. Frying Process

Dendê oil is poured into a deep pot and heated to approximately 180°C (356°F).
Using hands, the dough is shaped into oval or round balls.
The shaped dough is gently dropped into the hot oil and fried until both sides turn golden brown.
The fried acarajés are drained on paper towels to remove excess oil.

Filling and Serving Steps

Once cooled slightly, each acarajé is carefully sliced open (without separating completely), forming a pocket.
The pocket is filled with vatapá, caruru, and dried shrimp in sequence.
Optionally, hot pepper sauce and salad may be added.
Traditionally served hot.

Consumption and Cultural Context

Acarajé is especially popular in Bahia, where it is commonly sold by street vendors known as Baianas do Acarajé.
In Candomblé religious rituals, it is prepared and offered as a sacred food, particularly to deities such as Iansã.
It holds cultural significance in both everyday consumption and religious practices.

Acarajé