The electronic subsystems of an aircraft are generally referred to as avionic systems. Avionic systems include the following systems:
1. Communication Systems: These systems enable communication between pilots or between the pilot and ground control stations.
2. Navigation Systems: These systems measure the geographical coordinates (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z, α, β, γ) of the aircraft's center of mass.
3. Flight Control System: This system stabilizes and controls the angular motion and movement of the aircraft's center of mass. It manages specific flight regime parameters.
4. Engine Control System: This system automatically controls specific parameters of the aircraft's engine.
5. Monitoring and Supervision Subsystem: This subsystem monitors the aircraft's various systems, tracks their operation, detects malfunctions and failures, and takes actions to resolve them.
6. Collision Avoidance System: This system is designed to prevent collisions and provide warnings.
7. Weather Detection System: This system determines the weather conditions around the flight route and detects adverse weather conditions such as heavy rain or high-speed winds, preventing the aircraft from entering such areas. Using onboard radars, this system can detect high-intensity rain clouds and storm clouds from a distance of up to 150 kilometers.
AVIONIC NAVIGATION SYSTEMS
Navigation systems measure the coordinates of the aircraft's center of mass. In aviation, navigation systems are categorized into four types based on their information source:
1. Geotechnical Instruments and Systems
2. Radiotechnical Instruments and Systems
3. Astronomical Instruments and Systems
4. Light-Based Instruments and Systems
These systems use the Earth's geophysical field, ground and aircraft radiotechnical instruments, electromagnetic and light fields, and artificial light fields (orientation objects) on the Earth's surface as information sources.
GEOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS AND SYSTEMS
Geotechnical instruments and systems rely on the Earth's geophysical field. Geophysical fields include the magnetic and gravitational fields of the atmosphere, static and dynamic pressures, temperature, natural and artificial objects on the Earth's surface, and temperature differences in their various sections. The main types of geotechnical instruments are orientation devices and systems, devices based on changes in the physical parameters of the atmosphere, and inertial instruments and systems.
1. Advantages of Geotechnical Systems: Simple instruments, high reliability, independence, and strong interference resistance.
2. Disadvantages: Some systems cannot provide reference measurement accuracy, and the aircraft's position is calculated only based on distance.
RADİOTECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS AND SYSTEMS
Radiotechnical avionic systems use the characteristic properties of electromagnetic waves, such as their straight-line propagation, refraction, and reflection.
Radiotechnical avionic systems consist of radionavigation, radiolocation (radar), infrared devices, radiovisors, and thermal visors.
There are five basic types of radionavigation systems: angle measurement systems, distance measurement systems, distance difference measurement systems, distance sum measurement systems, and combined angle-distance measurement systems. Radiolocation instruments and systems include aircraft radar, Doppler speed sensors, and radio altimeters. Infrared devices determine direction based on temperature differences in various areas of the Earth.
Radiotechnical systems are classified based on their independence, purpose, type of detected navigation parameter (angle, distance, distance difference, and Doppler frequency), and measured radio signal parameter (amplitude, frequency, phase).
ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS AND SYSTEMS
Astronomical navigation systems rely on scanning celestial bodies that emit light and radio waves. Avionic compasses, avionic sextants, radio sextants, and astronomical compasses operate based on this principle.
Advantages of Astronomical Navigation Systems: Independence, interference resistance, applicability at any point on Earth, and high measurement accuracy.
LIGHT-BASED INSTRUMENTS AND SYSTEMS
Light-based avionic systems include beacons, landing lights, pyrotechnic (explosive) devices, and aircraft-to-ground light sources. These light sources enable the aircraft to land in poor weather conditions. Light-based instruments are auxiliary devices used at airports and in nighttime environments.
