Embodied cognition is a holistic approach that argues that mental processes do not occur solely in the brain, but that the body and environmental context are also actively involved in these processes . According to this view, cognitive functions such as thinking , perception , and decision-making are shaped by an individual's physical structure, bodily movements, sensory experiences, and interaction with the environment. For example, understanding the weight of an object is not merely through observation ; it is directly related to the experience of lifting that object, muscle tension, and motor skills. While traditional cognitive approaches treat the mind as an independent and abstract processor , embodied cognition treats the mind as an integral part of the body and environment. This approach emphasizes that sensations, movements, and physical context are not merely supportive but constitutive elements of mental processes.

^{An Image Representing Embodied Cognition (Created with Artificial Intelligence)}

Establishing Cognition through Bodily Representations

Embodied cognition theory proposes that concepts and knowledge are constructed in the mind not only through symbolic or linguistic representations but also through bodily experiences. For example, the concepts of "up" and "down" are not merely words for direction in language, but are also based on experiences stemming from the body's interaction with gravity. A child's learning of the concept of "heavy" or "light" is directly related to their experiences of carrying weight. This development of cognitive processes based on physical experience demonstrates the body's active role in processes such as learning and memory . Similarly, bodily expressions such as gestures and facial expressions function not only as a means of communication but also as a component of conceptual meaning. In this context , the body is not merely the bearer of the mind, but also its structuring agent.

Embodied Approach in Learning Processes

In educational settings, the embodied cognition approach allows for more effective and lasting learning . Using the body, particularly in concretizing abstract concepts, helps students better understand and remember information. For example, in a math lesson, having students represent the sum of the interior angles of a triangle with their hands helps integrate conceptual knowledge with motor systems. Similarly, in science classes, introducing physical concepts such as gravity, acceleration, or force through drama , movement , or physical play facilitates students' understanding of these abstract concepts based on bodily experience. This approach is particularly effective in younger age groups, where developmental motor skills support cognitive development .

^{An Image Representing Embodied Cognition (Created with Artificial Intelligence)}

The Role of the Body in Language and Conceptualization

The embodied cognition approach posits that language is not merely a mental process but also linked to bodily experience. Many concepts frequently used in everyday language are metaphorical extensions of bodily experiences. For example, the phrase " being close " can express both physical distance and social-emotional closeness. "A heavy decision" indicates the emotional and mental burden of a decision, not its physical one. Such metaphors demonstrate the intertwining of mental processes with the body . Furthermore, multiple bodily cues used in speech, such as hand gestures, tone of voice, and facial expressions, are integral parts of expression and meaning. This demonstrates the body's active role in acquiring meaning through language .

Embodied Models in Artificial Intelligence and Robotics

Embodied cognition is not limited to the human mind; it also provides an inspiring framework for the design of artificial intelligence and robotic systems . While traditional AI systems operate as information- processing models independent of the outside world, embodied approaches have focused on developing systems that consider physical interaction and environmental context in robot learning processes. For example, for a robot to learn an object-carrying task, it requires not only visual input but also multisensory input such as touch, balance , and force feedback. These systems allow humanoid robots to interact with their environment in a more natural, flexible, and open-to-learning manner .

Critical Approaches and Methodological Discussions

While the theory of embodied cognition offers a strong theoretical foundation, it is not free from criticism. The theory's unclear boundaries have led to various definitions and applications. Some researchers argue that the empirical data supporting the explanatory power of embodied cognition are insufficiently systematic and that the theory is still in an evolutionary phase. Furthermore, some fields also view the body as supporting rather than constitutive, suggesting that cognitive processes may operate at abstract levels outside the body. However, rather than hindering the development of the theory, these debates contribute to the development of more robust empirical and methodological approaches.