Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 50 million people worldwide live with epilepsy (WHO, 2022). The disease can affect individuals of different age groups and may arise due to various causes. This article will address the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment methods of epilepsy.

Causes of Epilepsy

Epilepsy develops as a result of a disruption in the electrical communication between brain cells. Several factors can contribute to the onset of the disease:

• Genetic Factors: Individuals with a family history of epilepsy are at a higher risk of developing the condition.
• Brain Injury: Traumatic brain injuries, strokes, tumors, and infections can lead to epilepsy.
• Brain Injury During Birth: Oxygen deprivation or injuries during birth can increase the risk of epilepsy.
• Metabolic Disorders: Conditions such as diabetes, kidney failure, or electrolyte imbalances can cause epilepsy.

Symptoms of Epilepsy

The most prominent symptom of epilepsy is seizures. The types of seizures can vary from person to person:

• Generalized Seizures: These seizures affect both hemispheres of the brain. Types include absence seizures (loss of consciousness with vacant stare) and tonic-clonic seizures (severe muscle contractions).
• Focal Seizures: These seizures start in a specific area of the brain. In simple focal seizures, consciousness remains intact, while in complex focal seizures, there may be a loss of consciousness.

Diagnosis and Treatment Methods

To diagnose epilepsy, doctors typically use the following methods:

• Electroencephalography (EEG): Records electrical activity in the brain to detect abnormal waves.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Used to identify structural abnormalities in the brain that could lead to epilepsy.
• Blood Tests: Conducted to investigate underlying causes such as metabolic disorders or infections.

Treatment Methods:

• Medication: Anticonvulsant (antiepileptic) drugs are commonly used to treat epilepsy. These medications help reduce the frequency and severity of seizures.
• Ketogenic Diet: A high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet is recommended for drug-resistant epilepsy, especially in children.
• Surgical Intervention: In cases where medications are ineffective, surgically removing the epileptogenic area may be an option.
• Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS): A device implanted in the neck that helps control seizures by stimulating the vagus nerve.

Epilepsy, while a serious condition that can negatively affect an individual's quality of life, can be controlled with proper treatment and lifestyle changes. It is crucial for patients to undergo regular medical check-ups and follow the recommendations of their doctors. Raising awareness about epilepsy in society can reduce the challenges faced by patients in their social lives.