Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) refers to the anxiety that an individual experiences when they fear missing out on social, entertaining, rewarding, or important experiences happening around them. With the widespread use of social media and digital communication tools, the term FOMO has become even more common today. Due to the constantly updating and rapidly spreading nature of social media content, FOMO has become more noticeable. This feeling often arises when individuals observe the social activities and posts of their online friends, making them feel as if they are missing out on something in their own lives. This sense of loss can often lead to feelings of loneliness, inadequacy, or exclusion.

FOMO not only affects social media usage but can also have significant impacts on an individual’s overall psychological state and social relationships. People may experience anxiety and dissatisfaction when they are unable to participate in enjoyable activities that others are engaging in.

The concept of FOMO was first introduced in the early 2000s as an expression of opportunities or developments and was incorporated into the literature by marketing expert Herman (2000).

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Factors Contributing to FOMO

At its core, FOMO is driven by the attachment to a socially constructed perception of “success.” This phenomenon leads individuals to constantly monitor those around them and follow social media posts, making them feel deprived of this success. The main causes of FOMO include:

• The Impact of Social Media: Social media platforms allow users to see in real time what their friends are doing. On platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok, users frequently encounter idealized lives and "perfect moments." This can create anxiety in individuals who tend to compare their own lives with others'.
• Societal Pressures: In modern society, the competitive and achievement-oriented culture can cause individuals to feel pressure to always stay ahead. When people are unable to participate in social events, they may experience FOMO as a result of feeling excluded from societal success.
• Need for Social Connection: Humans are social beings who seek to form connections. The desire to stay connected with others and be part of a community plays a significant role in the emergence of FOMO. When people are excluded from events shared on social media, they may experience feelings of loneliness.
• Conscious and Unconscious Comparison: Individuals tend to compare their lives with those they see on social media. Over time, this can lead to feelings of inadequacy and the belief that their own lives are less "interesting" or "valuable." This comparison creates a sense of loss as individuals perceive their lack of access to others' experiences.

Concepts Related to FOMO

• Desire Thinking: Desire thinking refers to the continuous thoughts and emotional cravings that individuals develop toward things they want. These thoughts are often associated with a sense of lack or the desire to fulfill an unmet need. FOMO can result from desire thinking, as people see the experiences and successes of others on social media and want to participate in them.
• Example: A person who frequently sees their friends’ vacation photos on Instagram may constantly visualize those scenes in their mind, increasing their desire for a vacation. This ongoing thought process may not only heighten their longing for travel but also create discomfort.
• Craving: Craving is a term often associated with addiction and refers to a strong desire for a behavior or experience. FOMO can trigger craving, as individuals who feel they have missed out on an event may experience an intense urge to participate.
• Example: A person who constantly sees posts about healthy lifestyles, gym workouts, and nutritious meals on social media may strongly crave adopting a healthier lifestyle. This craving can become so intense that they feel compelled to eat healthier and exercise more. However, as they continue to see others living this lifestyle, they may struggle to feel satisfied.
• Social Dependency: FOMO can increase the time individuals spend on social media and reinforce the addictive effects of these platforms. A person who fears missing out may frequently check social media to stay updated.
• Addiction and Emotional Control Issues: Over time, individuals may develop a dependency on social media due to FOMO. This can lead to a loss of emotional control and place pressure on social interactions.

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Types of FOMO

The different types of FOMO vary based on an individual's experiences and social media usage patterns. These include:

• Social FOMO: This type is linked to individuals feeling excluded from their social circles or friend groups. Social FOMO often occurs when someone is not invited to a social event or does not feel like part of a group.
• Activity FOMO: The feeling of missing out on activities seen on social media. For instance, someone might experience FOMO when they see photos of an event or vacation they did not attend.
• Achievement FOMO: The fear that arises when witnessing others’ career, educational, or personal achievements. This type of FOMO can lead individuals to perceive their own achievements as inadequate.
• Technological FOMO: The fear of falling behind on technological developments and trends. When new apps or devices are released, people who have not tried them may experience this type of FOMO.

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FOMO is a widespread emotional state that individuals face in the digital age. Social media usage has contributed to the more frequent and intense experience of this emotion. When people see the "perfect moments" in others' lives, they may feel a sense of inadequacy in their own lives. However, beyond being just an emotional reaction to social media and external events, FOMO is linked to complex psychological dynamics. Connected with desire thinking, craving, social media addiction, and other mental processes, the long-term effects of FOMO can impact individuals' emotional and social well-being. Therefore, understanding and managing FOMO is crucial, particularly in terms of therapeutic interventions and raising awareness about social media habits.