Earwigs (Dermaptera) are insects that have existed in nature for a very long time and are found in many parts of the world, especially in warm and humid regions. Their name comes from the pincer-like structures at the end of their abdomens. These insects are nocturnal and hide during the day under stones, between tree bark, or in moist soil. Female earwigs are notable for providing care to their offspring—an uncommon trait among insects.

Morphology and Distinctive Features

Earwigs have a flat and flexible body. The forewings are thickened, but in most species, flight ability is reduced or completely lost. Males typically have more curved forceps at the rear end, which are used both for mating and in combat with rivals. Their generally dark brown coloration reflects adaptation to nocturnal activity.

Internal Anatomy and Adaptive Traits

Earwigs’ digestive systems are adapted to process both plant debris and small organisms. Their respiratory systems have evolved to minimize water loss, and their hearts and muscular systems enable them to survive even in tight spaces.

Classification and Phylogenetic Relationships

Earwigs are classified as a distinct group within insects. Historically, they were divided into two main groups, but recent studies have shown this classification may not be entirely accurate. Genetic research in recent years has revealed that some species may have different evolutionary relationships than previously thought.

^{Feeding of Earwigs (Created with Artificial Intelligence.)}

Habitat and Ecological Role

Earwigs are more commonly found in moist environments, although they can also survive in arid regions. They prefer to live under leaves, in decaying wood logs, or beneath stones. These insects are omnivorous and can feed on both plant and animal matter. In agriculture, they may be beneficial as they consume harmful insects. However, in some cases, they may cause damage to fruits.

Earwigs fulfill various ecological roles in nature. For example, by feeding on aphids, they help control pest populations. Additionally, they contribute to nutrient cycling by breaking down organic matter that falls to the ground. Some species have even been observed to live in association with termites, benefiting from this symbiotic relationship.

Behavior and Reproduction

One of the most remarkable behaviors of earwigs is the maternal care provided by females. The mother cleans and moistens the eggs, ensuring optimal conditions for development. The young stay with their mother until they grow to a certain size. Mating usually takes place at night, and males often engage in fights using their forceps. Females lay their eggs in autumn or throughout the year, depending on the species. The nymphs typically reach adulthood within a few months.

^{Life Cycle of Earwigs (Created with Artificial Intelligence.)}