Light, as one of the fundamental elements of architectural design, is a component that directly affects the perception, interpretation, and experience of space. Light not only defines the boundaries of the architectural space; it also shapes the aesthetic, functional, and psychological layers that constitute the identity of the space. The central position of the concept of space in architectural theories makes the role of light in this context even more crucial. Theorists such as S. Giedion, B. Zevi, and Schulz have regarded light as an indispensable element in perceiving the multi-dimensional structure of architectural space.
Light in Architecture (StockCake)
Contribution of Natural Light to Spatial Identity
Natural light is an element that enhances the legibility of architectural space and the impression it leaves on the user. As emphasized in Louis I. Kahn's works, natural light should be used not only for illuminating a building but also for defining its spatial character. Natural light, as a guiding tool in architectural design, supports the functional organization of space while also increasing its aesthetic value. Qualities such as the direction, intensity, and distribution of light determine the perception and atmosphere of the space at different times of the day.
Psychological Effects of Light and Shadow Relationship
In İlhan Altan's experimental study on psychological effects, it was found that light and shadow compositions create different emotional effects on spatial perception. Spaces with sharp light-shadow boundaries evoke feelings such as excitement, dynamism, and interest; whereas spaces dominated by indistinct light-shadow transitions reinforce feelings of serenity, peace, and spaciousness. These findings reveal that light is not merely a physical element but also a psychological factor that guides users' spatial experiences.
Light in Architecture (Elif Sevim)
Integrated Lighting Approaches and New Technologies
Today, integrated lighting systems stand out with design approaches that also consider their effects on human health and psychological well-being. Immersive visualization methods developed by Seyed Amin Tabatabaeifard and his colleagues allow for the analysis of surface temperatures and integrated lighting values in architectural interiors with 360° perspectives. This method examines the temporal and directional distributions of photopic and melanopic illuminance levels within the space, providing qualified data for human-centric lighting designs. These developments show that design understandings which consider natural and artificial light together, optimizing both the visual and thermal comfort of the space, are gaining importance in architectural practice. Integrated lighting makes it possible to create light scenarios suitable for users' biological rhythms and to design healthy living environments.
Historical Use of Light in Architecture
Light has been an indispensable element of architectural design throughout history, used with various meanings in different periods and geographies. The oculus of the Pantheon Temple in Ancient Rome exemplifies the dramatic inclusion of natural light into the structure, while in Gothic architecture, the spiritual atmosphere of sacred spaces was enhanced through large stained-glass windows. In modern architecture, architects such as Louis Kahn, Tadao Ando, and Richard Meier have redefined the identity and experience of space by treating light as a building material. Especially in Tadao Ando's structures, light, combined with minimal material use, offers a poetic spatial experience.
Contribution of Light to the Aesthetic Evaluation of Space
Light plays a fundamental role in the perception of a building's aesthetic value. The emphasis of spatial elements through shadow and light increases the legibility of the building's architectural composition. The movement of natural light throughout the day allows the space to acquire a dynamic character. This contributes to strengthening the emotional connection users establish with the space. For example, in Richard Meier's Museum for the Decorative Arts building, spatial organization and aesthetic emphasis are presented together through the relationship established with natural light.
