macOS is a Unix-based desktop operating system developed by Apple and released in 2001. Designed specifically for Macintosh computers, it integrates a graphical user interface, a proprietary application ecosystem, and a high level of hardware-software compatibility. The operating system provides functionality for both individual and professional users and includes Continuity features that enable interoperability with other Apple devices. Although macOS holds a smaller share in the global desktop operating system market compared to Windows, it is predominantly used in creative industries and corporate environments. It incorporates privacy-focused data protection policies, while its closed-source architecture has been a subject of academic and technical discourse. As of 2025, the latest version, macOS Sequoia, introduces integrated artificial intelligence capabilities within the system framework.
History and Development
macOS was introduced in 2001 with Mac OS X 10.0 (Cheetah), replacing Apple's classic Mac OS. It was derived from the Unix-based NeXTSTEP operating system. The first versions included design elements such as the Aqua interface and the Dock. Apple changed the name "Mac OS X" to "OS X" in 2012 and adopted the name "macOS" in 2016, ensuring naming consistency with iOS and watchOS. It receives one major version update per year; macOS Sequoia (15.0) is in use as of 2025. For example, macOS Ventura (2022) introduced the Stage Manager, and macOS Sonoma (2023) introduced desktop widgets. In 2020, the use of Apple Silicon (M1 and later) processors increased performance and energy efficiency.
Technical Infrastructure
macOS is built on the Unix-based XNU (X is Not Unix) kernel and provides POSIX compatibility. In 2017, the HFS+ file system was moved to APFS (Apple File System), which improved data management and storage performance. The graphics engine is supported by the Metal API. macOS is compatible with Apple Silicon and Intel processors; Rosetta 2 allows Intel-based applications to run on Apple Silicon. Security features include Gatekeeper (malware prevention), FileVault (disk encryption), and sandboxing (application access restriction). Automatic updates apply security patches and new features.
Features
macOS offers a user interface and a variety of features. The Aqua interface provides file management with Finder, application access with the Dock, and window organization with Mission Control. Stage Manager, introduced in 2022, supports multitasking; desktop widgets added in 2023 make it easier to access information. Continuity features connect macOS with iPhone and iPad; Handoff task transfer provides content sharing, Universal Clipboard. App Store supports application distribution; Xcode provides a software development environment. Accessibility tools (VoiceOver, dynamic font settings) support user access. macOS Sequoia (2025) includes AI-powered text and visual analysis features.
Differences with Other Platforms
macOS has different features than Windows and Linux. Windows is known for its broad hardware compatibility and widespread use in the enterprise market; macOS works with Apple hardware. Linux offers flexibility with its open source structure; macOS stands out with its commercial application support and user interface. Continuity features are unique to the Apple ecosystem. While Windows is known for its gaming ecosystem, macOS is used for creative applications (Final Cut Pro, Logic Pro). macOS's closed ecosystem provides a controlled environment in terms of security.
Market Position and Competition
macOS has an approximately 16% share of the global desktop operating system market as of 2025, with Windows leading (75%). Apple's hardware strategy popularizes macOS in the design, media, and software development sectors. Apple Silicon supports the performance of devices such as MacBook and iMac. Windows stands out with enterprise solutions; Linux is used in open source communities. The use of macOS is tied to the Apple ecosystem and professional applications (Adobe Creative Cloud, Apple software).
Privacy Controversies
macOS is known for Apple's privacy-focused policies, but it has been controversial. Apple uses end-to-end encryption for local data processing and iCloud, but it has been noted that some data is stored unencrypted in iCloud backups. App Tracking Transparency, introduced in 2021, prevents apps from tracking without permission and has drawn criticism from the advertising industry. The closed ecosystem provides security but is considered restrictive by some users and developers. In 2025, Apple Intelligence's data processing processes are being reviewed from a privacy perspective.
