Manazan Caves, located within the borders of Karaman province in Türkiye’s Central Anatolia Region, is a multi-story cave settlement entirely carved out by human hands. This complex of historical structures is situated along the Karaman–Yeşildere-Taşkale road, on the east of Yeşildere Valley, which stretches between Taşkale Town (formerly Kızıllar), located 40 km southeast of Karaman, and Yeşildere (İbrala) Village.
Manazan Caves (Anadolu Agency)
Architectural Structure and Features
Manazan Caves is a five-story settlement area entirely carved out by human hands into a high rock mass with a clay limestone structure. The easily malleable structure of limestone allowed for the creation of numerous cell-type rooms, galleries, and corridor systems. While the first two floors consist of small chambers arranged in an east-west direction, the upper floors are locally named Kum Kale (Sand Castle), At Meydanı (Horse Square), and Ölüler Meydanı (Dead's Square). Transitions between floors are provided by narrow corridors and shafts, and on each floor, there are cell-type rooms opening to large central galleries.
On the first floor, numerous tomb chambers and two chapels arranged from east to west have been identified. Some of these chapels contain fresco remnants and traces of geometric ornamentation, and the largest chapel is located on the eastern wing and has a barrel vault cover. Over time, its southern facade was destroyed due to natural events. Archaeological studies conducted in Ölüler Meydanı (Dead's Square), one of the upper floors, have uncovered many human remains, among which the body of a young woman, estimated to be about 1400 years old, is exhibited in the Karaman Museum.
The clay limestone structure where Manazan Caves are located contributes to the climate conditions inside the cave remaining stable throughout the year by providing constant temperature and humidity. This microclimatic feature has made it possible to preserve organic remains without deterioration.
Manazan Caves (Anadolu Agency)
Historical Process and Purposes of Use
Although the exact construction date of the caves is unknown, the ceramic fragments, fresco traces, and a niche inscription belonging to the Byzantine period found indicate that the caves were used during the Byzantine Period, especially in the 6th and 7th centuries. It is thought that the caves were used for hiding, worship, and defense during the Early Christian period. Furthermore, their architectural similarity to other rock settlements like Cappadocia and Sille strengthens this context.
Conservation Status and Present-Day Importance
The front facade of the caves has been damaged over time due to natural erosion and collapses, and a distinct main entrance structure has been lost. However, the interior sections largely retain their original structure. Manazan Caves hold significance today both in terms of historical and cultural heritage, attracting the interest of visitors to the region. The region is a notable destination for photography, archaeology, and history enthusiasts. Moreover, along with other cultural heritage elements in the vicinity, such as the Taşkale Grain Silos, it carries potential for regional development.
Manazan Caves are not just a settlement but also a natural and cultural heritage site. This area, considered within the scope of the Taşkale Archaeological Site, is one of the important historical sites in Türkiye that needs to be protected and promoted. The view that it carries the necessary cultural and historical value for UNESCO World Heritage candidacy has been expressed in various academic studies.
