Occupational Burnout

The condition of burnout, characterized by a significant decrease in emotional, mental, and physical energy related to the work performed by an individual, along with loss of motivation and decline in functionality, is referred to as "occupational burnout." This condition, which especially arises from prolonged work stress, low job satisfaction, and professions requiring high emotional labor, causes serious consequences not only at the individual level but also at institutional and societal levels. Today, occupational burnout is recognized by the World Health Organization as an "occupational phenomenon." Within the scope of this article, the historical development, conceptual foundations, measurement tools, influencing factors, and prevention strategies of occupational burnout will be examined extensively.

Historical Development

The concept of occupational burnout was first introduced by Herbert Freudenberger in 1974. Freudenberger coined the term "burnout" to describe the extreme fatigue, loss of interest, and performance decline he observed in volunteers providing assistance in a clinic. In the 1980s, Christina Maslach and her colleagues systematized burnout syndrome scientifically and developed the "Maslach Burnout Inventory" (MBI), creating a psychological measurement framework. Initially associated only with human service professions such as healthcare and education, burnout began to be recognized as a problem affecting all sectors starting from the 1990s.

_{Visual representing occupational burnout (this image was created by artificial intelligence)}

Conceptual Approaches

Maslach and the Three-Dimensional Model

According to Maslach, burnout should be examined in three main dimensions:

• Emotional exhaustion: A decrease in emotional energy toward work and feeling of fatigue,
• Depersonalization: Coldness and indifference toward the people served,
• Reduced personal accomplishment: Feeling ineffective and unsuccessful at work.

Job Demands-Resources Model

Developed by Schaufeli and Bakker (2004), this model explains burnout through two main factors:

• Job demands (high workload, time pressure, emotional demands)
• Job resources (support, autonomy, recognition)
• Burnout occurs when demands are high and resources are insufficient.

Cognitive Conceptual Approaches

Some researchers argue that burnout results from an individual's work-related cognitive distortions and perceived lack of control. Particularly, locus of control, fear of failure, and perfectionism tendencies can increase an individual's susceptibility to burnout.

Measurement Tools

The main tools developed to measure burnout levels include:

• Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI): The most widely used scale with a three-dimensional structure.
• Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI): Measures burnout in three domains: work-related, personal, and client-related burnout.
• Shirom-Melamed Burnout Questionnaire (SMBQ): Focuses on energy depletion and reduced motivation.

Factors Affecting Burnout

Individual Factors

• Type A personality traits
• Tendency to take excessive responsibility
• High empathy and emotional sensitivity
• Dissatisfaction in non-work life
• Inability to maintain work-life balance

Organizational Factors

• Long working hours
• Low pay and lack of recognition
• Ambiguous job descriptions
• Managerial pressure
• Low decision-making authority

Effects of Occupational Burnout

Psychological Effects

• Depressive mood
• Anxiety disorders
• Sleep problems
• Low self-esteem
• Somatization symptoms

Physical Effects

• Chronic fatigue
• Headaches
• Gastrointestinal problems
• Weakened immune system

Organizational Effects

• Absenteeism
• Increased turnover rates
• Loss of productivity
• Increased work accidents and errors

_{Visual representing occupational burnout (this image was created by artificial intelligence)}

Cultural and Social Dimension

Occupational burnout is not merely an individual issue. The nature of work, working conditions, and the perceived value of labor in society also affect burnout rates. For example:

• In collectivist cultures, excessive self-sacrifice by individuals can increase burnout.
• In capitalist societies, performance pressure and competitive environments trigger burnout.
• Gender roles are also important in this context. Female employees, especially due to caregiving responsibilities both at home and work, are at higher risk of burnout.

Prevention and Intervention of Burnout

Individual Strategies

• Mindfulness-based stress reduction
• Establishing work-life balance
• Seeking psychological support
• Cognitive restructuring
• Physical exercise and maintaining regular sleep patterns

Organizational Interventions

• Flexible working hours
• Job rotation and break systems
• Recognition and reward mechanisms
• Participatory management models
• Psychosocial support programs