Parasocial relationships refer to one-sided bonds that individuals form with characters, celebrities, or public figures through media. In these relationships, the audience or follower develops an emotional and cognitive connection with media figures, while the media figure or celebrity does not reciprocate in any way. Parasocial relationships typically develop through television, radio, social media, and other digital platforms. Without real interaction, a sense of social connection emerges between media characters and audiences. This bond may develop based on psychological needs such as loneliness, a sense of belonging, or self-esteem.

History

Parasocial interactions were first identified in the 1950s by communication scholars Horton and Wohl, who observed that television audiences formed one-sided relationships with TV characters. As television became more integrated into social life, viewers were seen to share emotions and thoughts with television personalities. These findings led to the first theoretical studies on the effects of parasocial interactions in media. In the 1980s, research into parasocial interactions expanded, examining relationships formed with media figures such as talk show hosts, film actors, and other celebrities in greater detail.

Etymology

The term “parasocial” derives from the combination of "para" (beside, alongside) and "social" (related to society). It describes superficial or one-sided social interactions, highlighting the strong yet non-reciprocal bonds individuals form with media figures.

Causes and Consequences

Several key factors contribute to the development of parasocial relationships.

Causes

• Loneliness and Social Needs: Lonely individuals may prefer interactions with media figures over face-to-face communication. Research has shown that those experiencing loneliness often feel socially connected through media interactions.
• Need for Belonging: Humans naturally seek social bonds, and media characters provide an opportunity for virtual connection. Parasocial interactions can strengthen feelings of belonging.
• Self-Esteem: Individuals with low self-esteem may engage in parasocial relationships to align themselves with their ideal self. These interactions can positively influence their self-perception.

Consequences

• Emotional Bonds: Parasocial relationships lead individuals to develop strong emotional attachments to media figures, experiencing emotions such as love, admiration, or empathy toward them.
• Behavioral Engagement: Audiences may spend more time following the lives of their parasocial figures, seeking more information about them, or engaging with the world surrounding those figures.

^{Kaynak: Johannes Havn}

Effects

Parasocial interactions have various psychological and social effects on individuals.

Psychological Effects

• Coping with Loneliness: Parasocial interactions can help individuals alleviate loneliness by serving as a form of "social substitute." When feeling isolated, people may turn to these relationships for comfort.
• Self-Development: Relationships with media figures can enhance self-esteem and self-worth. Individuals with low self-esteem may idealize these relationships to strengthen their self-concept.

Social Effects

• Social Belonging: Parasocial interactions can help individuals develop a sense of belonging to a group or community. The virtual bonds between media figures and their audiences contribute to social acceptance and commitment.
• Social Identity: Affection for media figures can shape individuals' social identities. People may adopt social roles by identifying with their favorite media personalities.

Applications

Parasocial relationships are often used to explain viewer engagement with media characters. These bonds are frequently observed with television series, film characters, athletes, and musical groups. Today, with the rise of social media, these relationships have become more visible in digital platforms. Strong examples of parasocial relationship dynamics can be seen in K-Pop groups and their fan communities.

BTS and Parasocial Relationships

BTS, a South Korean K-Pop group, has a vast global fan base. The members actively engage with fans through social media, fostering parasocial relationships. These interactions extend beyond digital spaces, being reinforced through real-life events. ARMY, the name of BTS’s fan community, establishes a close bond with the group. By sharing aspects of their daily lives on social media, BTS members create an illusion of real-world friendship with their fans.

Social media, particularly platforms like Twitter and YouTube, strengthens the continuous interaction between BTS and ARMY. These platforms enable fans to feel emotionally connected to the group members. BTS deepens its parasocial interactions by sharing heartfelt messages with fans, further reinforcing the bond through the positive messages embedded in their songs and social media content.

Related Fields

Parasocial interactions intersect with multiple academic disciplines. Some of these include:

• Media and Communication: Media studies examine the effects of parasocial interactions on individuals, focusing on how media alters interpersonal relationships and influences audience engagement with media characters.
• Psychology: The psychological foundations of parasocial interactions relate to concepts such as loneliness, self-esteem, and the need for belonging. Psychologists analyze these relationships to understand how individuals meet their psychological needs through media engagement.
• Sociology: From a sociological perspective, parasocial interactions help explain how individuals form social bonds, construct social identities, and establish a sense of belonging. Sociological research explores how relationships with media figures influence social structures.

^{Kaynak: Konstantin Mishchenko}

Key Topics in Parasocial Relationship Studies

• Loneliness: Many studies have explored the link between loneliness and parasocial interactions, demonstrating how individuals use these relationships to fulfill social needs and address emotional gaps.
• Belonging and Social Bonds: Research frequently highlights the role of parasocial interactions in strengthening feelings of belonging and social connectivity. Attachment to media figures can help individuals form stronger ties within their communities.
• Self-Esteem: The relationship between low self-esteem and parasocial interactions is another critical area of study. These relationships may serve as a means for individuals to enhance their self-concept and move closer to their ideal self.

Parasocial relationships play a crucial role in understanding media’s impact on individuals. Developing through psychological factors such as loneliness, the need for belonging, and self-esteem, parasocial interactions significantly shape individuals' social lives and self-perceptions. These relationships not only influence media engagement but also offer insight into how social bonds evolve and how individuals construct their social identities.