The Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela are located in the town of Lalibela in Ethiopia’s Amhara region, at an altitude of approximately 2,500–2,630 meters above sea level, about 600 km north of the capital, Addis Ababa. Constructed during the 12th–13th centuries, this complex is one of the holiest sites of Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and continues to serve as an active place of worship and pilgrimage.

Historical and Religious Significance

The churches were commissioned by King Gebre Mesqel Lalibela of the Zagwe Dynasty, who reigned from 1181 to 1221, as a “New Jerusalem” in response to the difficulty Christians faced in making pilgrimages to Jerusalem due to Muslim conquests. Names and symbols within the complex draw direct parallels with Jerusalem, such as the “River Jordan,” “Golgotha,” and “Adam’s Tomb.” According to traditional accounts, the construction of the churches involved divine assistance from angels. The structures were part of a sacred capital project aimed at reinforcing both King Lalibela’s spiritual and political authority.

^{Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela (Anadolu Agency)}

Architectural Features

A total of 11 churches were carved from soft reddish volcanic rock. These are divided into two main groups—northern and southeastern—as well as one freestanding church:

Northern Group:

• Biete Medhane Alem
• Biete Mariam
• Biete Meskel
• Biete Danagel
• Biete Golgotha Mikael

Southeastern Group:

• Biete Amanuel
• Biete Abba Libanos
• Biete Qeddus Mercoreos
• Biete Gabriel-Rafael
• Biete Lehem

Freestanding Church:

• Biete Ghiorgis (Church of Saint George)

Structures

• Biete Medhane Alem is considered the world’s largest monolithic church, featuring five aisles.
• Biete Ghiorgis, carved into an 11-meter-deep courtyard, has a cruciform design and is the best-preserved among the churches. Its roof and layout form a cross shape when viewed from above.
• Biete Mariam is notable for its interior decorations and geometric motifs; symbols such as the swastika and Greek cross are present on its exterior.
• Biete Golgotha Mikael is a sacred site believed to contain replicas of the tombs of Jesus Christ and Adam.

Construction Techniques and Structural System

The churches were built using monolithic (carved from a single stone block) and semi-monolithic techniques. The rock mass was first outlined in a rectangular form, then excavated from the top down. Doors, windows, arches, columns, and ceiling structures were carved from within the stone. Cisterns, drainage channels, passageways, and underground tunnels connect the churches and protect them from flooding. Many churches also reflect influences from the architecture of the Aksumite Empire.

Artistic and Symbolic Details

The churches are notable not only for their religious function but also for their symbolic elements. Architectural decorations feature motifs from Aksumite culture, the Bible, and Ethiopian Christianity. The exterior of Beta Meskel is surrounded by blind arches symbolizing the Ten Commandments. Beta Mariam contains both cross motifs and fresco-like, colorful wall decorations.

^{Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela (Anadolu Agency)}

Pilgrimage and Daily Use

Lalibela remains one of Ethiopia’s most important religious centers, especially as the country adopted Christianity in the 4th century. The churches are still used for daily worship. On religious holidays such as January 7 (Genna – Ethiopian Orthodox Christmas), thousands of pilgrims gather at these sacred sites.

Conservation Status and UNESCO Designation

In 1978, Lalibela was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for its religious and architectural significance. However, seismic activity, water erosion, structural deterioration, and tourism pressure have caused damage to some of the churches. Structures like Biete Amanuel are at risk of collapse, and wall paintings show signs of severe wear. Temporary shelters have been installed for protection, though they impact the visual integrity of the site.

Management and Conservation Needs

The site is managed jointly by Ethiopia’s Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. However, a comprehensive management plan has yet to be fully approved, and a buffer zone has not been officially established. Although a Conservation Plan was drafted in 2006, it has not been fully implemented. Sustainable preservation efforts require an integrated planning approach that involves local community participation.