Samarkand paper is a type of paper produced in the city of Samarkand, one of the historical trade and cultural centers of Central Asia, renowned for its high quality and ability to last for more than 300 years. Throughout the Middle Ages, it made significant contributions to the development of science, art, and commerce, particularly in the Islamic world, and was therefore regarded as a highly valuable material. Today, it serves as an important reference point for understanding the evolution of techniques used in paper production.
History
Samarkand paper emerged with the introduction of Chinese paper production techniques to Central Asia. Paper production began in China in the 2nd century CE and was transferred to Samarkand after the Battle of Talas in the 8th century, when Chinese captives brought these techniques to the Islamic world. Due to its strategic location on the Silk Road, Samarkand quickly advanced in paper production and produced high-quality products. The paper produced during this period was prized for its durability and smooth surface, making it ideal for manuscripts, books, and diplomatic documents. Samarkand soon became the center of paper production in the Islamic world, with its products reaching Baghdad during the Abbasid period and eventually spreading to Europe.
Production of Samarkand Paper
Samarkand paper is a handmade paper produced using traditional methods, primarily employing the inner bark fibers of the mulberry tree. The production process involves the careful treatment of natural materials. First, the bark of the mulberry tree is peeled, and the inner fibers are separated. These fibers are soaked in water for a period to soften them, then beaten into a fine pulp. The use of mulberry tree fibers gives the paper its durability and a slightly glossy surface.
Separation of mulberry tree fibers (Photo: uzbekistan1.com)
Once the pulp is prepared, it is poured onto thin screens made of bamboo or reeds to shape the paper. As water drains through the screens, the pulp forms a thin layer. The shaped paper sheets are then left to dry under the sun or in cool, shaded areas. After drying, the surface of the paper is polished with natural stones to create a smoother texture. This polishing process not only facilitates writing on the paper but also results in a structure that absorbs minimal ink.
The use of mulberry tree fibers in the production of Samarkand paper ensures a durable and high-quality product. This production method takes nearly ten days. Due to its labor-intensive process and durability, Samarkand paper was expensive and favored for use in palaces, diplomatic documents, calligraphy, and manuscripts.
Polishing of Samarkand paper (Photo: uzbekistan1.com)
Significance
Samarkand paper played a crucial role in the dissemination of knowledge and the development of written culture during the golden age of Islamic civilization. Many manuscripts, medical texts, and scientific works were written on this paper. Its structure, capable of lasting up to 300 years, ensured the preservation of manuscripts and texts for extended periods, aiding in the transmission of cultural heritage to future generations.
