Space Launch System (SLS) is a new-generation heavy-lift rocket system developed by NASA. SLS is designed for the transportation of both crewed and uncrewed payloads on deep space missions and is being used in missions to the Moon under NASA’s Artemis program, and to Mars in the future. This system is described as one of the most powerful rockets in human history, and, with its modular structure, it is adaptable to various mission profiles.

Purpose of Development and Strategic Importance

SLS has been developed to increase humanity’s capacity for deep space exploration. Thanks to its higher payload capacity compared to existing rocket systems, it enables the execution of both heavier payload missions and more complex space operations. One of the primary goals of SLS is to safely return humans to the lunar surface and to enable the transport of the necessary infrastructure to establish a sustainable presence on the Moon. In this context, SLS is considered one of the foundational elements of NASA’s long-term goals, including post-lunar exploration and missions to Mars.

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Technical Specifications and Structure

The Space Launch System consists of a central core stage, Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs), and optionally, additional upper stages. Depending on its configuration, SLS can meet various mission requirements.

• Core Stage: The Space Launch System consists of a central core stage, Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs), and optionally, additional upper stages. Depending on its configuration, SLS can meet various mission requirements.
• Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs): Providing approximately 75% of SLS’s lift-off thrust, these boosters are developed with a five-segment structure compared to the previous Space Shuttle system.
• Upper Stage (Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage – ICPS): Used for transiting into deep space and reaching mission orbits, this stage can be configured in different ways depending on mission requirements.

Configurations and Payload Capacity

SLS can be configured in different blocks (Block 1, Block 1B, Block 2) depending on mission requirements:

• Block 1: This is the initial flight configuration and has a low Earth orbit (LEO) payload capacity of 95 metric tons. The Artemis I mission was conducted using this configuration.
• Block 1B: Equipped with the Exploration Upper Stage (EUS), this version is suitable for crewed missions and more complex payloads. It has a payload capacity of approximately 105 metric tons.
• Block 2: This is the most advanced and highest-capacity version, capable of carrying up to 130 metric tons. This configuration is envisioned for advanced missions such as those to Mars.

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Missions and Operational Use

The first mission of the SLS, Artemis I, successfully sent the uncrewed Orion spacecraft into lunar orbit. This mission was conducted to test the flight readiness and safety of the system. Future Artemis missions plan to transport crewed astronauts to the lunar surface, establish a space station around the Moon (Gateway), and build a permanent base on the Moon’s surface.

Educational and Societal Impact

SLS is not only a technical achievement but also an important example in terms of science and engineering education. NASA has developed special materials for students and educators with the aim of teaching this technological process to younger generations. The development of the SLS involves the collaborative efforts of thousands of engineers and scientists, aiming to raise awareness and interest in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields.