Tower cranes are fixed-installation construction machines used primarily in high-rise building projects to move heavy loads vertically and horizontally. They are commonly preferred in projects where vertical volume is emphasized, such as reinforced concrete structures, skyscrapers, and bridge piers. Due to their load-bearing capacity and vertical reach, they are fundamental equipment in contemporary construction site operations.

History and Development of Tower Cranes

The origins of tower cranes date back to Ancient Rome. At that time, treadwheel cranes, which were wooden structures powered by human force, were used to lift heavy stone blocks. These cranes played a significant role in the construction of castles and cathedrals. During the Middle Ages, the use of treadwheel cranes continued, especially in ports, mines, and large construction projects. Over time, these cranes were equipped with more advanced mechanisms, increasing their efficiency.

The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries led to major advances in crane technology. Steam-powered cranes were developed during this period, making it possible to lift heavier loads. The use of metal constructions also improved the durability and capacity of cranes.

In the early 20th century, modern tower cranes emerged, developed to meet the needs of building taller and more complex structures. These cranes gained both horizontal and vertical movement capabilities through rotating mechanisms mounted on a fixed tower structure.

Structural Components of Tower Cranes

Tower cranes are complex systems composed of multiple technical components working in integration. The main parts can be described as follows:

• Base Block (Anchoring System): The structural element anchored to the ground that bears the entire load. It is mounted onto reinforced concrete using steel bolts.
• Tower Section (Mast): The vertical supporting element, which can be extended modularly. The height of the crane is adjusted via this part.
• Slewing Unit: The connection between the tower and the upper structure. It enables the jib to rotate 360 degrees.
• Main Jib: The horizontal load-carrying arm, along which the trolley moves. The loading area extends as far as the length of this arm.
• Counter Jib: Balances the main jib and is usually equipped with concrete or cast metal counterweights.
• Operator Cabin: Generally located on the slewing unit and equipped with ergonomic control panels.

These structures must be resistant to environmental conditions, load forces, and wind pressure throughout the construction process.

_{Tower Crane (Anadolu Ajansı)}

Classification of Tower Cranes

Tower cranes are categorized according to their structure, assembly methods, and support systems:

• Fixed tower cranes: Anchored to the ground with a foundation system and only have rotation capability.
• Mobile tower cranes: Move around the construction site using a rail system.
• Climbing tower cranes: Adapt to the construction process by climbing inside the building structure.
• Self-erecting tower cranes: Can erect their own tower height without the need for auxiliary mobile cranes.

Each type is selected based on project requirements and ground conditions.

Areas of Use for Tower Cranes

The construction industry is the most common sector where tower cranes are used. However, due to their high load capacity and wide range, they are also preferred in areas such as:

• Infrastructure projects (dams, tunnels, viaduct constructions)
• Industrial facility assemblies
• Power plant installations
• Logistics centers

Thanks to their modular systems, they can be easily adapted to various project types.

Tower Crane Operation and Training

Tower crane operation is a profession that requires not only technical knowledge but also attention, coordination, and environmental awareness. Operators must receive a minimum of 40 hours of theoretical and practical training within the framework of Ministry of National Education (MEB)–approved course programs and be certified upon successful completion.

The training content includes:

• Assembly and disassembly of tower cranes
• Load calculation and imbalance control
• Occupational health and safety rules
• Daily maintenance and fault detection

Trainees also learn about potential risks in crane operation and the precautions to be taken against them.

Occupational Health and Safety

Tower cranes carry potential risks due to working at height and handling heavy loads. The main safety measures that must be taken to ensure a secure working environment include:

• Periodic maintenance and inspection: Inspections must be conducted every three months in accordance with Turkish Standards Institution (TSE) standards.
• Wind limits: Operations must be halted when wind speed exceeds 50 km/h.
• Load limits: Work must not be carried out if the load exceeds 90% of the crane’s capacity.
• Communication: Two-way radio communication must be established between the operator and ground personnel.

According to occupational health and safety regulations, every workplace using a tower crane must conduct a risk analysis and ensure that unauthorized individuals do not enter the crane operation area.