Tsarevets Fortress, located on Tsarevets Hill in the city of Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria, served as the main defensive structure of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396). Recognized as the political, cultural, and religious center of Bulgaria, Tsarevets housed the palaces of Bulgarian rulers, the patriarchate, and numerous residential areas. Having witnessed numerous battles, destruction, and reconstruction throughout its history, the fortress stands today as one of Bulgaria's most significant cultural and tourist landmarks. Tsarevets is part of Bulgaria’s 100 National Tourist Sites and attracts thousands of visitors each year.

^{Tsarevets Fortress}

Archaeological Research

The first archaeological excavations on Tsarevets began in 1886, led by Czech scholar Karel Škorpil. Additional excavations were carried out in 1893 and 1900, though they were conducted without proper organization or systematic methodology. In 1905, the Archaeological Society of Tarnovo resumed the work, but financial constraints hindered consistent progress. In the 1930s, excavations were conducted before the restoration of Baldwin’s Tower. After 1946, systematic excavations began, particularly in 1958–1959, focusing on the fortress walls, royal palace, and patriarchal complex. Comprehensive research efforts were initiated in 1974 by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences’ Archaeological Institute.

The History of the Fortress

Prehistoric and Early History

Evidence of habitation on Tsarevets Hill dates back to the Late Chalcolithic period (circa 4200 BCE). The site was continuously inhabited throughout the Bronze and Iron Ages. Archaeological findings include Thracian artifacts such as ceramics, dwelling remains, and other cultural materials. However, the hill appears to have been abandoned during the Roman period. In the late 5th century, Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I constructed a fortress on the hill, marking its strategic importance. This fortress was destroyed in the 7th century during Avar-Slavic invasions.

Byzantine and Medieval Periods

In the 8th century, the hill was resettled by Slavs, and by the 12th century, it had been fortified by the Bulgarians. In 1185, Tsarevets was declared the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire, becoming a significant political and religious center. The fortress served as a city-fortress, complete with the royal palace, the patriarchate, and administrative buildings.

Ottoman Era

The Ottoman Empire captured Tsarevets Fortress during a winter campaign led by Grand Vizier Çandarlı Ali Pasha in 1388–1389 without encountering significant resistance. The city was initially returned to its vassal, Tsar Ivan Shishman. However, in 1393, Sultan Bayezid I recaptured the fortress after a prolonged siege. During the siege, many structures on Tsarevets Hill were destroyed, and several members of the Bulgarian nobility were exiled. Patriarch Evtimiy, despite receiving respect from the Ottomans, was ultimately exiled. The population of the city was partly displaced, with Turkish and Greek settlers taking their place. The church within the fortress was converted into a mosque, and a zawiya and madrasa were established in the area. These changes significantly transformed the cultural and religious landscape of the region. Nevertheless, important Bulgarian religious structures, such as the Church of St. Demetrius and the Forty Martyrs Church, were preserved, maintaining a connection to Bulgarian identity.

Under Ottoman rule, Tarnovo underwent redevelopment, particularly following the civil war between Bayezid’s sons. During the reign of Sultan Murad II, notable figures such as Firuz Bey b. Abdullah contributed to the city’s growth by constructing mosques, madrasas, a caravanserai, baths, and a bridge over the Yantra River. These developments were financed through the tax revenues of nearby villages. In 1444, a Crusader attack temporarily disrupted the city’s progress, but Tsarevets Fortress withstood the assault due to its strong defenses. Afterward, Tarnovo enjoyed over a century of peace and prosperity, although the fortress's prominence gradually declined.

The Structure of the Fortress

Defensive System

The defensive system of Tsarevets Fortress reflects the advanced engineering and military technologies of its time. The surrounding walls, 2.4 to 3.6 meters thick, were reinforced with towers and fortified gates. The primary entrance, located at the western side, was protected by five consecutive gates. Additional access points, such as the Asenova Gate to the northwest and the Frankish Gate to the southeast, played significant roles in the fortress's defense. Bridges and towers further enhanced the difficulty of access, making the fortress both a natural and man-made stronghold.

^{14th Century Tsarevets Fortress and Tarnovo City Plan, 14 c.}

Patriarchal Complex

The patriarchal complex, located at the highest point of the fortress, served as the religious center of medieval Bulgaria. Its central structure, the Church of the Ascension (Voznesenie Gospodne), was initially built in the 13th century and expanded in the 14th century. The church’s interior is adorned with murals by contemporary Bulgarian artist Teofan Sokerov. The patriarchal complex was fortified with walls, towers, and administrative buildings, functioning as an independent citadel within the larger fortress.

Royal Palace

At the heart of Tsarevets Fortress lies the royal palace, covering approximately 5,000 square meters. The palace served as the residence and administrative center of the Bulgarian rulers. It included a throne hall, a royal chapel, and private chambers. The palace was surrounded by strong defensive walls and towers, with two main entrances located to the north and south. The interior featured elaborate architectural and artistic details reflective of the period.

Modern Restoration Efforts

Restoration efforts for Tsarevets Fortress began in the 1930s and were completed in 1981 to commemorate the 1300th anniversary of the founding of the Bulgarian state. The restoration included the fortress walls, gates, royal palace, and patriarchal church. Archaeological findings and historical documents guided the restoration process, ensuring accuracy and preserving the historical atmosphere of the site.

Sound and Light Show

In 1985, the “Sound and Light” show was introduced, combining dramatic music, colorful lights, and lasers to narrate Bulgaria’s history. The performance highlights key events, such as the establishment of the Second Bulgarian Empire and the struggles against Ottoman rule. This captivating show has become a major attraction for tourists and locals alike, enhancing the cultural and touristic significance of Tsarevets Fortress.