Animal-Assisted Therapy

Animal-Assisted Therapy (originally defined in English as "Pet Therapy" or "Animal Assisted Therapy""), is a complementary intervention method in which animals, under the guidance of a therapist, are used as therapeutic agents within structured processes aimed at specific goals. Animal-assisted therapy is an evidence-based practice integrated into approaches designed to improve physical, emotional, social, or cognitive functions. In AAT, the animals involved play a prominent role not only as calming agents but also as facilitators of communication and supporters of functional skills.

Historical Development

Although the use of animals for therapeutic purposes dates back to ancient times, the first documented application was initiated in 1792 by William Tuke in England, using farm animals to treat individuals with mental illnesses. ^【1】

In 1867, companion animals were used in the treatment of epilepsy patients in Western Germany. The work of child psychologist Dr. Boris Levinson in 1961 laid the foundational basis for the modern development of animal-assisted therapy. ^【2】 From the 2000s onward, many countries implemented standardized therapeutic protocols alongside legal regulations, and animal-assisted therapies were systematically institutionalized by universities and healthcare organizations.

Application Areas and Animals Used

AAT is applied across a broad spectrum of populations including children, elderly individuals, chronic illness patients, people with autism, and those with psychiatric diagnoses. The most commonly used animals in therapy include dogs, horses (hippotherapy), cats, rabbits, birds, aquarium fish, and even dolphins. Animal-assisted therapy can be delivered in individual or group formats within schools, hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, and rehabilitation centers.

Equine therapy in İzmir contributes to the development of children with disabilities. (Anadolu Agency)

Types of Animal-Assisted Therapy

1. Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT): A structured, goal-oriented therapeutic process conducted by a professional therapist alongside a trained animal.
2. Animal-Assisted Activity (AAA): A less structured, volunteer-based approach primarily aimed at enhancing social interaction and improving morale.
3. Animal-Assisted Intervention (AAI): The overarching term for both AAT and AAA, encompassing all animal-assisted interventions carried out within healthcare, education, or human services contexts.

Physiological and Psychological Mechanisms of Effect

The effects of AAT have been explained through various biological, psychological, and social mechanisms:

• Affective-emotional effect: Interaction with animals increases the release of hormones such as oxytocin, serotonin, and prolactin, while reducing stress hormones and promoting calmness.
• Psychological stimulation: Enhances cognitive functions, increases social interaction, and may reduce symptoms of depression.
• Play and physical activity: Games incorporated into therapy can support mobility and motor skills.
• Psychosomatic and physical effects: May lower blood pressure, regulate heart rate, and reduce the need for medication.

Therapy dog Molly visits children undergoing cancer treatment to boost morale. (Anadolu Agency)

Animal-Assisted Therapy in Türkiye

In recent years, AAT applications have begun to expand in Türkiye, with notable pilot programs implemented using horses and dogs for elderly and disabled individuals. The first scientifically grounded applications have been observed within universities and private rehabilitation centers.

Safety and Risks

When implementing animal-based therapies in sterile environments such as hospitals, potential risks including infection, allergic reactions, or traumatic incidents must be assessed. Research indicates that when appropriate hygiene measures are taken, the risk of disease transmission from animals to patients is very low.

Research Status and Scientific Evidence

While the number of studies on animal-assisted therapy is increasing, the number of randomized controlled trials remains limited. Meta-analyses and systematic reviews point to positive effects of AAT; however, higher-quality, standardized research is needed to clearly establish its efficacy. Effects are more pronounced in children, the elderly, and individuals with mental health conditions; however, clearly defining the duration of intervention, the type of animal used, and the specific therapeutic goals is essential for research validity.

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