Azerbaijan Independence Day

Independence Day of Azerbaijan is an official holiday observed annually on 28 May to commemorate the declaration of independence of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic on 28 May 1918. This day symbolizes the birth of the first republic established in modern Azerbaijani history.

Video Prepared in Honor of the 103rd Anniversary of Azerbaijan's Independence (TRT Avaz)

History

On 28 May 1918, Azerbaijan’s independence was declared through the Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Azerbaijan National Council under the chairmanship of Mehmet Emin Resulzade. This republic entered history as the “first democratic republic of the Muslim East.” The declaration clearly stated that Azerbaijan would be governed under a republican system.

During the early period of independence, the capital Baku was under occupation by Armenian and Bolshevik militias, so the government operated temporarily in Ganja. The first country to recognize Azerbaijan’s independence was the Ottoman State. Under the agreement signed on 4 June 1918, the Caucasus Islamic Army, commanded by Nuri Pasha (Killigil), brother of Ottoman War Minister Enver Pasha, liberated Baku on 15 September 1918, enabling the government to relocate there. In these conflicts, Ottoman and Azerbaijani forces suffered a total of 1,130 martyrs.

Video Explaining Azerbaijan's Independence Day (TRT News)

Reforms and Developments

During its brief period of independence, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic implemented numerous reforms. All citizens were granted equal rights regardless of race, religion, sect or gender. The country became the first state in the Islamic world to grant women the right to vote and to be elected.

The State Bank of Azerbaijan was established, and its own currency and postage stamps were introduced. Baku State University opened in 1919. By a decision of 27 June 1918, the Turkish language was declared the official state language. Turkish education became mandatory in secondary schools.

Parliament and Political Structure

On 7 December 1918, a multiethnic parliament with 120 seats was established. This structure was regarded as a significant indicator of Azerbaijan’s democratic development. Over a period of 17 months, the parliament adopted a total of 230 legislative bills.

Soviet Occupation and Aftermath

The independence of the Azerbaijan Republic ended on 28 April 1920 with the military intervention of the Soviet Union. Government officials and many intellectuals were forced to flee abroad. Nevertheless, the Azerbaijani cause continued. Mehmet Emin Resulzade’s phrase “A flag raised once will never be lowered again” became a symbol of the Azerbaijani people’s ideal of independence.

Azerbaijan redeclared its independence in 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The declaration of independence adopted during this process emphasized that the Republic of Azerbaijan was the direct successor to the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic that existed between 1918 and 1920.

Celebrations

Independence Day, celebrated annually on 28 May with ceremonies, events and commemorative programs throughout Azerbaijan, is regarded as a significant date that strengthens the national unity and sovereignty of the people. In Türkiye, this date is also commemorated through various cultural, artistic, academic and official events.

Works Prepared for the Anniversary of Azerbaijan's Independence (TRT Avaz)