The Flight Data Recorder (FDR), which plays a critical role in analyzing aircraft accidents and improving aviation safety, is one of the most important black boxes in the aviation industry. This device records flight data to help determine the causes of possible accidents.

History

The idea of using flight data recording devices dates back to the 1940s. However, the first modern Flight Data Recorder (FDR) was developed by Australian scientist Dr. David Warren. After the Comet aircraft accidents in 1953, the idea of recording flight data to determine the causes of accidents became widespread.

In the early 1960s, aviation authorities made FDRs mandatory for all commercial aircraft. At that time, the devices used magnetic tape technology, which could record only a limited number of parameters. However, over time, digital data recorders were developed, allowing more parameters to be recorded for longer durations.

Main Components

The FDR consists of the following main components:

1. Data Recording Module: The module that records data received from the aircraft.

2. Durable Protective Casing: A strong casing that protects the device against impacts, fire, and water pressure.

3. Underwater Locator Beacon (ULB): A system that emits signals underwater to help locate the device if the aircraft crashes into the sea.

Working Principle

The FDR collects data from various aircraft systems and sensors during flight and stores this data. The working principle of the FDR involves the following steps:

1. Data Collection: The FDR gathers data from various aircraft systems and sensors. This data includes parameters such as speed, altitude, engine performance, cockpit controls, and many others. The FDR records this data in real-time.

2. Data Storage: The collected data is stored in the storage unit inside the FDR. Modern FDRs typically use solid-state memory (SSD) technology, ensuring secure data storage even in the event of an accident.

3. Data Protection: The FDR is specially designed to protect data in case of an accident. It is resistant to high temperatures, impacts, and water. Additionally, its bright orange color makes it easy to locate after a crash.

Technical Specifications

1. Storage Capacity: Modern FDRs can record hundreds of different parameters, including aircraft speed, altitude, engine performance, cockpit controls, and more. They can typically store up to 25 hours of flight data.

2. Durability: FDRs are specifically designed to protect data in case of an accident. They are resistant to:

• Impact forces up to 3400 G,
• Temperatures up to 1100°C,
• Water pressure at depths of up to 6000 meters.

3. Audio Recording: In addition to flight data, the FDR can store cockpit voice recordings. These voice recordings play a crucial role in post-accident investigations.

Legal Requirements

The use of FDRs has been made mandatory in compliance with standards set by international aviation authorities. These standards include:

1. ICAO Standards: The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has established detailed standards regarding the use and technical specifications of FDRs. These standards cover storage capacity, durability, and data protection.

2. FAA Standards: The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has also set detailed standards for the use and technical specifications of FDRs. These standards ensure that the FDR meets specific requirements for data storage, durability, and protection.

3. EASA Standards: The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has established similar standards for the use and technical specifications of FDRs, ensuring compliance with aviation safety regulations.

Advantages

1. Understanding the Causes of Accidents: The FDR plays a vital role in post-accident investigations. Data obtained from the FDR helps determine the causes of accidents and prevent similar incidents in the future.

2. Enhancing Flight Safety: The FDR is one of the most important tools used to improve flight safety. Data from the FDR is used to identify issues occurring during flights and take necessary precautions.

3. Supporting Pilot Training: The data obtained from the FDR can be used in pilot training. This data helps pilots understand the challenges they may face during flight and learn how to address them effectively.

^{Flight Data Recorder (Credit: herkesicinhavacilik.com)}