Sustainable agriculture refers to an agricultural structure that employs farming techniques that do not harm the environment, alongside the conservation of natural resources in the long term. Fundamentally, it aims to continue agricultural production by meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This approach targets a balance in agronomic, environmental, social, and economic dimensions of agricultural production.

Fundamental Principles and Objectives

At the core of sustainable agriculture is the acknowledgment that natural resources are not limitless and that continuous development cannot be achieved by disrupting the natural balance. In this context, its main objectives are:

• Conservation and improvement of natural resources (soil, water, biodiversity).
• Reducing harm to the environment and producing in compliance with environmental standards.
• Maintaining agricultural productivity and sustaining economic viability in the long term.
• Improving the quality of life for those engaged in agriculture.
• Ensuring food safety and quality.

Dimensions

Sustainable agriculture consists of three fundamental components: environmental, economic, and social sustainability.

• Environmental Sustainability: This includes elements such as the protection of soil and water quality, energy efficiency, conservation of wildlife, and ensuring biodiversity. Key goals in this dimension are reducing the use of chemical inputs, preventing soil erosion, and preventing the pollution of water resources.
• Economic Sustainability: This relates to the continued profitability of agricultural enterprises, the income stability of producers, the efficient use of resources, and the reduction of external dependency. The long-term income of the producer is important.
• Social Sustainability: This covers issues such as the wages of farm workers, the quality of life of producers, the preservation of rural society, labor training, and ensuring fair working conditions.

Applications and Methods

Various applications are included within the sustainable agriculture approach:

• Organic Farming: This is a production system that aims to improve product quality by using methods such as organic and green manuring, crop rotation, and soil conservation instead of synthetic chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Organic farming plays a key role in the practical application of sustainable agriculture.
• Good Agricultural Practices (GAP): This is a production model that aims for environmentally friendly agricultural production that does not harm human and animal health, ensures traceability and sustainability, conserves natural resources, and aims for food safety. In good agricultural practices, chemical inputs are used in a way that does not harm human health and the environment, and all applications are recorded.
• Integrated Pest Management (IPM): This is a system that keeps pest populations below an economic injury level by considering their population dynamics and relationship with the environment and by using appropriate control methods in a compatible manner. Alternative methods to chemical control and integrated control systems are part of sustainable agriculture practices.
• Resource Conservation Techniques: Practices such as no-till farming, water-saving irrigation methods, ensuring crop diversity (rotation), and pasture management contribute to the conservation of natural resources.

Situation in Türkiye

In Türkiye, the concept of sustainable agriculture is closely related to issues such as erosion, excessive input use, environmental pollution, irrigation problems, the pressure of industrialization and urbanization on agricultural lands, and the degradation of pastures. A significant portion of Türkiye's land is affected by erosion, which impacts the sustainability of agriculture. Intensive (conventional) agricultural production practices, the uncontrolled use of synthetic inputs, and negative tillage techniques exert pressure on the natural balance.

Organic farming and good agricultural practices are seen as important tools for achieving sustainable agriculture goals in Türkiye. Good agricultural practices started in 18 provinces in 2007 and have shown significant development in recent years due to the effect of subsidies. Organic farming areas and the number of producers have also increased, especially after the 2000s.

Challenges and Importance

Transitioning to sustainable agriculture can present challenges such as a lack of technical knowledge and personnel, marketing problems, and potential initial yield decreases. However, sustainable agriculture is of great importance for reasons such as the conservation of natural resources, ensuring food security, reducing environmental pollution, and safeguarding the quality of life for future generations. The need to meet the nutritional requirements of a growing world population and to increase agricultural production without harming nature makes the development and dissemination of sustainable agriculture techniques imperative.