Twilight Diplomacy is a term coined by historian Prof. Dr. Selçuk Esenbel to describe the interactions between the Ottoman Empire and Japan. This concept refers to the diplomatic relations that developed between the two nations in the late 19th century but never fully materialized into formal agreements. The term signifies a state of ambiguity, hesitancy, and caution in their bilateral relations.

Characteristics of Twilight Diplomacy

Ambiguity and Hesitation

While the Ottoman Empire and Japan viewed each other as potential allies against Western imperialism, their relations advanced cautiously due to geographic distance and the political dynamics of the time. The Ottoman Empire was particularly wary of provoking Russia's reaction, leading it to avoid formalizing relations with Japan.

Russia's Influence

The Ottoman Empire limited its diplomatic engagement with Japan to avoid antagonizing Russia. Although an alliance with Japan could have provided an advantage against Russia, it also carried the risk of damaging the Ottoman Empire's existing relations with Russia.

Japan's Persistence

Japan repeatedly proposed formalizing diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire and sought to establish trade and political agreements. However, the Ottoman Empire resisted these overtures, as the commercial privileges Japan offered resembled the capitulations imposed on the Ottoman Empire by Western powers. The Ottomans were reluctant to take on additional similar obligations.

Amicable Yet Informal Relations

The Ottoman Empire maintained friendly ties with Japan but refrained from transforming these relations into a formal alliance or treaty. As a result, the relationship remained in a perpetual state of "twilight," neither breaking off entirely nor evolving into a full-fledged partnership.