This article was automatically translated from the original Turkish version.
Ukrayna
Ukraine, located in the east of the European continent and north of the Black Sea, is both the geopolitical heart of Eastern Europe and a cultural bridge between Europe and Eurasia. With a total area of 603,550 square kilometers, it is the second-largest country in Europe after Russia. Ukraine has a population of approximately 35.6 million as of 2025, with its capital being Kiev (Kyiv). Thanks to its fertile black soil (chernozem), the country has been historically known as the “granary of Europe.”
Ukraine’s identity has been shaped over a millennium by the intersection of Byzantine, Slavic, and Western European cultural elements. It was the center of Kiev Rus, the most powerful state in Europe during the 10th century; later it came under the influence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Ottoman Empire, and the Russian Empire. Ukraine regained its independence in 1991 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the large-scale invasion that began in 2022 became defining turning points in the country’s modern history.
Today, Ukraine continues its transformation, striving for democratization, combating corruption, and integrating into European and Atlantic institutions while defending its territorial integrity. Its natural resources, strong agricultural infrastructure, and resilient civil society have made it a key actor in the process of rebuilding the country despite wartime conditions.
Ukraine’s national anthem is titled “Ще не вмерла України і слава, і воля” (“Shche ne vmerla Ukrayiny i slava, i volya” – The glory and freedom of Ukraine have not yet perished). The lyrics were written by Pavlo Chubynsky in 1862, and the music was composed by Mykhailo Verbytsky. By the end of the 19th century, the anthem had become one of the symbols of Ukrainian nationalism; it was banned during the Soviet era and officially adopted in 1992 following independence.
The text possesses a simple yet powerful structure that elevates the Ukrainian people’s will for freedom, their struggle for independence, and their love for the homeland. Today, especially during wartime, it has become a symbol of societal resistance and national identity.
The territory of Ukraine has been inhabited since prehistoric times. The Trypillia culture (5500–2750 BCE), which developed along the Dnieper, Dniester, and Southern Bug rivers, is one of the earliest agricultural civilizations in Europe. Later, Greek colonies (Olbia, Chersonesos, Theodosia) were established along the Black Sea coast, while Scythian and Sarmatian nomads dominated the north. Trade links with the Roman and Byzantine worlds deepened the region’s cultural diversity.
From the 9th century onward, Slavic tribes interacted with Viking-origin Varangians to form the first organized state in the region: Kiev Rus. The adoption of Christianity in 988 under Grand Prince I. Volodymyr (Vladimir) intensified Byzantine influence. During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise in the 11th century, significant progress was made in law, architecture, and education. This era is known in Ukrainian historiography as the “Golden Age.”
In the 13th century, Mongol invasions destroyed Kiev Rus. Subsequently, the western part of the territory became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Polish rule implemented the aristocratic land system known as szlachta, which intensified class tensions among the local population. Peasants in the Dniester and Dnieper basins were oppressed by heavy taxes and military obligations. This socio-economic pressure laid the groundwork for the rise of Cossack communities from the 16th century onward.
In the 17th century, Cossack leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky launched a rebellion against Poland and established the Zaporozhian Cossack Hetmanate. The Zaporozhian Cossacks, who lived in the lower Dnieper region, became a significant community serving as a warrior buffer along the northern frontier of the Ottoman Empire and as a force seeking autonomy from Poland. Initially aiming to establish an independent Cossack state, this movement eventually came under the protection of the Russian Tsardom following the Treaty of Pereyaslav (1654). This agreement is regarded as the beginning of both political dependency and identity conflict in modern Ukrainian history.
In the 18th century, the Russian Empire systematically abolished Cossack autonomy. The Hetmanate was abolished in 1764, and the Zaporozhian Sich was dismantled in 1775. Meanwhile, wars with the Ottoman Empire led to the annexation of the Crimean Khanate by Russia in 1783. Thus, the northern shores of the Black Sea came entirely under Russian control.
Throughout the 19th century, Ukrainian territories were divided between the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary. East of the Dniester was under Russian rule, while the western region centered on Lviv, known as Galicia, was under Austrian administration. Under Russian rule, the Ukrainian language was banned, and publications in any language other than Russian were censored even at Kiev University. The 1863 Valuev Circular and the 1876 Ems Ukaz completely prohibited the printing and educational use of Ukrainian-language books. In contrast, cultural life in Austrian territories was more free; thus, Galicia became the intellectual center of Ukrainian nationalism.
The poetry of Taras Shevchenko laid the foundation for national consciousness in the vernacular language. In the late 19th century, secret societies known as “Hromada” were organized in Kiev and Kharkiv. Although the 1905 Russian Revolution briefly opened a liberal period, national movements were largely suppressed until 1917.
In 1917, following the Russian Revolution, the Central Rada (Central Council) was established in Kiev and declared the Ukrainian People’s Republic. However, within the same year, the Bolsheviks launched a counter-revolution, dragging the country into civil war. By 1921, Ukraine was effectively incorporated into the Soviet Union.
During the early 1920s, a brief “Ukrainization Policy” permitted the use of the Ukrainian language in official institutions. However, this freedom was eliminated during Stalin’s rule. The forced collectivization policies of 1932–1933 resulted in the man-made famine known as the Holodomor, in which 3 to 5 million Ukrainians died of starvation. This event is now recognized by Ukraine as a genocide.
During the Second World War, Ukraine became one of the bloodiest fronts. In 1941, Nazi Germany invaded the country; Ukrainians fought both in the Soviet army and in pro-independence groups. The majority of the Jewish population was murdered in the Holocaust. In 1944–45, the Red Army retook the region, and after the war, Ukraine became the second-largest republic of the Soviet Union as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
In 1991, Ukraine declared its independence following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The 2004 Orange Revolution became a symbol of the demand for democratization. Weeks-long protests by millions in Kiev’s Independence Square (Maidan Nezalezhnosti) symbolized the emergence of a generation advocating democratization and pro-European policies.
The Euromaidan Events of 2013–2014 permanently shifted the country’s orientation toward the West. The refusal of then-President Viktor Yanukovych to sign the EU Association Agreement triggered nationwide protests. The process, which culminated in Yanukovych’s ouster amid violent clashes and regime repression, led to a major security crisis: Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the outbreak of separatist conflicts in the Donbas region.
On February 24, 2022, Russia’s large-scale invasion plunged Ukraine into its most difficult period in modern history. Under the leadership of President Volodymyr Zelensky, the government continues to defend its territory with support from the West. As of 2025, the war continues in the eastern and southern regions, while Ukraine prepares for negotiations toward European Union membership.
Ukraine lies at the heart of Eastern Europe, bordered by Belarus to the north, Russia to the east, Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west, and Romania and Moldova to the southwest. Its southern coast opens onto the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. With a total area of 603,550 km², Ukraine is among the countries with the largest territorial extent in Europe.
Most of the country lies on the East European Plain, with an average elevation of 175 meters. The eastern and central regions are covered by vast agricultural plains. These lands, which constitute two-thirds of Ukraine’s territory, are of strategic importance in global agriculture due to their high fertility. For this reason, the country has been known for centuries as the “granary of Europe.”
Ukraine shares its northern border with Belarus (891 km), its eastern border with Russia (1,974 km), its western borders with Poland (535 km), Slovakia (98 km), and Hungary (103 km), and its southwestern borders with Romania (605 km) and Moldova (939 km). Its southern coastline along the Black Sea extends nearly 2,700 kilometers. Crimea has been occupied by Russia since 2014, but under international law it is still recognized as Ukrainian territory.
In western Ukraine, the Carpathian Mountains stretch across the region, forming the country’s natural boundary and known as Transcarpathia. The highest peak is Hoverla (2,061 m). The Carpathians are significant both for their forest ecosystems and for tourism. In the south, the Crimean Mountains on the Crimean Peninsula, though low in elevation (around 1,500 m), constitute the country’s most distinct geographical region due to their Mediterranean-like climate.
The heart of the country is the valley of the Dnieper (Dnipro) River. The broad plains surrounding this valley — such as Podolia, Poltava, and Tavria — are the center of Ukraine’s agricultural production. The valleys of the Dniester, Bug, and Seversky Donets rivers are also favorable for agriculture and settlement. The geological structure of these plains is notable for its thick layers of highly humus-rich chernozem (black soil), among the most fertile agricultural soils in the world.
Ukraine has more than 63,000 rivers, most of which flow into the Black Sea. The longest and most important river is the Dnieper River (2,201 km). It divides the country from north to south and plays a critical role in energy production, transportation, and agriculture. Other major rivers include the Dniester, Southern Bug, Seversky Donets, and Tisza.
Lakes are generally small and shallow; the Svityaz Lake in the Volyn region is the largest natural lake. Along the northern Black Sea coast, salt lakes and lagoon systems (such as Sasyk and Tylihul) exist. These areas are vital wetland ecosystems for migratory birds.
Ukraine’s climate is characterized as temperate continental. Humidity decreases from west to east, and temperature variations increase. Summers are hot, and winters are cold and snowy. Average January temperatures range from -7 °C, while July temperatures range from 20 to 25 °C. Annual precipitation varies from 1,200 mm in the west to 400 mm in the east. The Black Sea coast exhibits Mediterranean influences; particularly the coasts of Odesa and Crimea are mild and sunny.
Although climatic conditions support agriculture, environmental degradation caused by the war in recent years has increased soil erosion and forest loss, especially in eastern regions.
Ukraine is one of the largest economies in Eastern Europe due to its natural resources, agricultural output, and industrial capacity. However, the Donbas War beginning in 2014, the Russian invasion of 2022, and infrastructure destruction have severely shaken the economic structure. Nevertheless, Ukraine’s economy has maintained resilience, particularly in western regions.
Despite production losses caused by the war, agriculture, mining, and information technology remain the pillars of the economy. Ukraine ranks among the top global exporters of wheat, corn, sunflower oil, and barley. It is also rich in iron ore, coal, natural gas, titanium, and manganese.
The services sector is growing, particularly in finance, transportation, and information technology. Kiev and Lviv have become regional technology hubs. The backbone of industrial production consists of metallurgy, chemicals, energy equipment, and the defense industry.
Ukraine is working to revive its foreign trade through the reactivation of Black Sea ports (Odesa, Chornomorsk, Pivdennyi).
Turkey, due to its Black Sea connectivity, is one of Ukraine’s most important trade partners. The grain corridor agreement and defense industry cooperation form the strategic dimension of economic relations.
Before the war, Ukraine attracted rapidly growing foreign investment in information technology and agriculture. Since 2022, reconstruction funds have been activated with support from international financial institutions (IMF, World Bank, EBRD). As of 2025, the country is implementing a $15 billion investment plan for energy and infrastructure projects under the supervision of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).
However, the investment environment remains risky. The war, bureaucracy, and corruption create uncertainty regarding business security. Nevertheless, the Ukrainian government offers tax incentives and special economic zones to foreign investors under its “Rebuild Ukraine 2030” plan.
Ukraine holds a strategic position in the transit of natural gas between Europe and Russia. Parts of Gazprom pipelines still run through Ukrainian territory. The country produces energy from coal, natural gas, nuclear, and hydroelectric power plants. As of 2024, 55% of electricity is generated from nuclear sources. The share of renewable energy (particularly solar and wind) has reached 12%.
Before the war, Ukraine’s transportation infrastructure included one of the most developed railway networks in Eastern Europe. The Ukrzaliznytsia railway system is being integrated into Europe through main lines connecting to Poland and Romania. The reconstruction of road and port infrastructure is rapidly advancing with Western financing and EU funds.
As of 2025, approximately 31 million people live within Ukraine’s borders. This represents a significant decline compared to the pre-war population of 44 million. The main causes of population loss are war-related migration, declining birth rates, and the mobilization of men to the front lines.
Seventy percent of the population lives in urban areas, and 30% in rural areas. Ukraine’s population density is 58 people per square kilometer, below the European average.
The country’s largest cities are Kiev, Kharkiv, Dnipro, Odesa, and Lviv. The capital, Kiev, with a population of approximately 3 million, is the political and cultural center. Due to the war, significant internal migration has occurred from eastern cities to the west, leading to rapid growth in western cities such as Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk.
Ukraine, shaped during the Soviet era by planned industrial cities, has most of its population settled along industrial corridors (Dnipro, Zaporizhia, Kryvyi Rih). The post-war reconstruction process is encouraging the establishment of new industrial and technology centers in western regions.
Ukrainian society is largely ethnically homogeneous.
The Crimean Tatars were forcibly deported to Central Asia by Stalin in 1944 and began returning to their homeland after 1991. Today, Russia’s occupation of Crimea once again threatens the existence of this community.
Ukraine’s religious structure is centered on Orthodox Christianity, but this structure is divided politically and theologically between two main churches:
Elsewhere, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church is particularly strong in the west (Lviv, Ternopil). A small portion of the population adheres to Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim faiths. Although religion was suppressed during the Soviet era, since independence it has become a defining element of social life.
Ukraine’s literacy rate exceeds 99%. The education system consists of 12 years of compulsory basic education, followed by university or vocational college. The country has over 700 higher education institutions. Kiev Taras Shevchenko National University, Lviv Polytechnic, Kharkiv Technical University, and Odesa Maritime Academy are among the leading institutions.
Since the 2020s, international student programs have become widespread, particularly in information technology, engineering, and medicine. Despite wartime conditions, online education systems and European-supported scholarship programs ensure educational continuity.
After Russia’s invasion in 2022, more than 8 million Ukrainians sought refuge in European countries. Approximately 5 million still reside in EU nations. Internal migration is also significant: large-scale population movement has occurred from war-affected eastern and southern regions to the west.
The loss of skilled labor has become a long-term demographic challenge. In response, post-war return programs aim to reintegrate women and young people into the country.
Ukraine is a prominent tourist destination due to its rich cultural heritage and historical sites. The capital, Kiev, hosts important religious and historical landmarks such as the Golden-Domed St. Sophia Cathedral and the Pechersk Lavra Monastery. Lviv, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, offers visitors a historic urban experience through its Baroque architecture, European-style city planning, and coffee culture. Odesa on the Black Sea coast is an attractive center for tourists due to its 19th-century port architecture and cosmopolitan cultural fabric.
Ukraine’s natural beauty also holds significant tourism potential. The Carpathian Mountains offer skiing and snowboarding opportunities in winter, and hiking trails and spa centers attract visitors year-round. The Dnipro Valley provides an ideal environment for nature and adventure tourism with river tours, camping areas, and national parks. These regions are ideal destinations for tourists seeking to escape urban life.
The Chernobyl region has become both a memorial and a tourist site following the 1986 nuclear disaster. Visits to this area offer opportunities to witness history, observe the effects of the disaster, and experience sites of collective memory. Tourists can closely examine the region’s history and the consequences of the event through guided tours.
Ukraine’s rural areas, particularly in Volyn and Podolia, are increasing interest in eco-tourism through traditional village homes and agricultural experience tours. Visitors can experience local life, participate in farming activities, and explore the region’s natural resources. This type of tourism enhances environmental awareness and supports the local economy.
Before the war, Ukraine’s tourism sector was a significant component of the national economy. According to 2021 data, tourism directly and indirectly contributed approximately 6% to Ukraine’s gross domestic product. This supported domestic employment and increased foreign currency inflows. However, the conflict that began in 2022 caused a severe decline in the sector. Travel restrictions, security concerns, and infrastructure damage limited tourist activities. Nevertheless, some activities continue in cultural and health tourism. Western regions, particularly Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, and the Carpathians, remain popular among visitors due to their historical, cultural, and natural attractions.
In the post-war period, international support and EU-funded projects aim to revive Ukrainian tourism. One of the most important initiatives, the “ReDiscover Ukraine” project, seeks to preserve the country’s cultural heritage and promote sustainable tourism. These efforts are crucial for restoring historical structures and contributing to the local economy. The projects encourage local communities to benefit from tourism while supporting the creation of a safe and organized tourist infrastructure.
Ukraine’s foreign policy has been shaped since its 1991 independence around two main axes: sovereignty and orientation. On one hand, efforts to free itself from Russia’s historical, cultural, and economic influence; on the other, the desire to integrate into European and Atlantic institutions have defined modern Ukraine’s diplomatic strategy. The tension between these two directions has been the primary dynamic shaping both internal and external politics.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine adopted a “multi-vector foreign policy” strategy aimed at balancing relations between the West and the East. In 1994, Ukraine signed the Budapest Memorandum, voluntarily giving up its nuclear weapons in exchange for security guarantees from Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom regarding its territorial integrity. This document is now frequently debated as a key security turning point, as Russia’s 2014 and 2022 violations demonstrated the practical collapse of these guarantees.
Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Ukraine maintained relations with both the European Union (EU) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). However, the 2004 Orange Revolution, as a pro-Western popular movement, redirected the country’s course toward Europe. Democratization, anti-corruption efforts, and press freedom became central to foreign policy agendas during this period.
Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 and its support for separatist forces in Donbas fundamentally changed Ukraine’s security doctrine. This process accelerated Ukraine’s integration into Western alliances. In 2019, Ukraine enshrined “EU and NATO membership” as strategic goals in its constitution.
The Russia-Ukraine War (2022–present) is not merely a regional conflict but an existential struggle for Ukraine. The war has placed the country at the center of international law, sovereignty, and energy security debates. Since 2022, the United States and the European Union have launched a historic solidarity process by providing Ukraine with financial, military, and diplomatic support. This support has reached a total aid package exceeding $200 billion as of 2025.
In 2023, Ukraine gained the status of “preparation for full membership” in the European Union. Priority reform areas include judicial independence, energy market alignment, anti-corruption measures, and modernization of public administration. As of 2025, Ukraine is the most active country in the EU’s “Eastern Partnership” program.
Relations with NATO have reached a practical partnership level. Since 2014, the Ukrainian armed forces have been restructured according to the NATO Standardization Program (STANAG). Although not a formal member, Ukraine has been included in “mutual defense support mechanisms” since 2022. This represents a historic step for a country previously considered neutral into the Western security umbrella.
Despite wartime conditions, Ukraine’s relations with its neighbors largely progress on a basis of cooperation.
Ukraine renewed its “Strategic Partnership Charter” with the United States in 2021. This agreement covers defense reform, energy security, and cyber defense. The United States has also provided Ukraine with air defense systems (Patriot, NASAMS) and intelligence support throughout the war. The United Kingdom is also among Kiev’s most active supporters in military training and unmanned systems.
Ukraine-Turkey relations were established at the diplomatic level immediately after Ukraine declared independence in 1991 and have since advanced to a level of strategic partnership, particularly from the 2010s onward. Geographic proximity, Black Sea security, and defense industry cooperation form the core pillars of the two countries’ relations.
The High-Level Strategic Cooperation Council (HLSCC), established in 2011, institutionalized political, economic, and military coordination between the two nations. Turkey has unconditionally recognized Ukraine’s territorial integrity and openly rejected Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 and its invasion in 2022 on international platforms. Ankara is also the most active country in defending the rights of the Crimean Tatars.
Economic relations have increasingly emphasized defense technologies and energy cooperation since the 2020s. The Free Trade Agreement implemented in 2022 aims to increase bilateral trade volume beyond $10 billion. However, the most notable area of relations has undoubtedly been defense industry cooperation. The use of Bayraktar TB2 unmanned aerial vehicles by the Ukrainian armed forces has become a symbol of security cooperation between the two countries.
Ukraine’s 2023 National Security Strategy is based on three key principles:
Since 2022, Ukraine has adopted the “whole-of-society defense” model, which integrates not only the regular military but also civil defense and volunteer units into the national resistance system.
In the course of the war, Ukraine has integrated Western technology, particularly in intelligence and unmanned systems. Additionally, the LITPOLUKRBRIG Brigade, established between Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine, continues to operate as a symbol of regional joint defense.
Energy security is a fundamental component of foreign policy. To reduce dependence on Russian gas, Ukraine fully connected to the European Electricity Grid (ENTSO-E) as of 2024. Simultaneously, liquefied natural gas (LNG) flows are being facilitated through Romania and Slovakia.
The security of agricultural exports is also considered part of national security. The Grain Corridor Agreement, signed in 2022 with Turkey and UN mediation, played a decisive role in preventing a global food crisis and strengthened Ukraine’s diplomatic standing.
During the 2020s, Ukraine began positioning itself not merely as part of Eastern Europe but at the center of the entire European security architecture. The country is now viewed not as a geopolitical buffer zone but as an “active defense line.” This process has identified Ukrainian identity with the West’s principles of freedom, democracy, and sovereignty. This identity has become a factor that strengthens not only foreign policy but also national unity.
The Ukrainian Armed Forces (ZSU – Zbroyni Syly Ukrayiny) have undergone a fundamental transformation since 2022. At the start of the war, the armed forces had 250,000 active personnel; as of 2025, this number has reached approximately 700,000 active soldiers and 900,000 reservists. Today, the Ukrainian army possesses the largest combat experience of any force in Europe.
The main components of the army are:
Command is conducted by the General Staff (Heneralnyi Shtab). The army’s reorganization has been carried out in accordance with NATO standards. Significant progress has been made particularly in the areas of logistics, intelligence, and command and control (C4ISR).
At the beginning of the war, the Ukrainian army relied on Soviet-era equipment. Since 2023, it has entered a comprehensive modernization process with Western support.
Ukraine is also focusing on domestic production. Companies Ukroboronprom and Ukrspecexport are entering joint production agreements with Western firms. As of 2024, more than 300 private defense companies operate nationwide.
The loss of Crimea in 2014 severely weakened the Ukrainian Navy. However, since 2022, an asymmetric naval warfare concept has been developed. Ukraine has conducted effective operations in the Black Sea using Turkish-made Bayraktar TB2, locally produced Neptune missiles, and unmanned surface vehicles (drone boats). In 2023, the destruction of numerous vessels belonging to the Russian Black Sea Fleet demonstrated the success of this strategy.
Ukraine is modernizing its heavy industrial infrastructure inherited from the Soviet era. Institutions such as the Kharkiv Morozov Design Bureau, Antonov Aviation Company, and Motor Sich form the technological backbone of the country. As of 2025, Ukraine’s defense budget has reached 35% of its GDP. The country aims not only to be self-sufficient in wartime but also to become part of Europe’s defense supply chain in the medium term.
Turkey’s leading defense company Baykar Technology initiated cooperation with Ukraine in 2019 through the sale of Bayraktar TB2 unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). These UAVs became one of the most effective operational systems for the Ukrainian Armed Forces, both in the Donbas front and during the 2022 Russian invasion. In the early stages of the war, TB2s became symbolic weapons used against Russian armored units and transformed into a symbol of national resistance in Ukrainian public opinion.
Joint production projects with Turkey (Bayraktar TB2, Akıncı, munitions integration) have accelerated Ukraine’s industrial capacity. As of 2025, the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense has taken over 70 Bayraktar TB2 units into its local maintenance system and created employment for 2,000 people on the assembly line.
The relationship has not remained at the supply level; it has progressed to joint production and technology transfer. In 2022, Baykar established the Baykar-Ukraine Facility near Kiev, planned as an assembly and maintenance line for the TB2 and advanced Akıncı models. The project has been integrated with the turbo engine technology of Ukrainian motor manufacturer Motor Sich and Ivchenko-Progress. This cooperation has increased mutual dependency between the two countries’ defense industries, providing Turkey with motor technology and Ukraine with electronic, software, and production knowledge and skills.
Ukraine is also conducting negotiations with TUSAŞ and Roketsan on munitions and missile systems. The use of Turkish-made MAM-L munitions in Ukrainian operations demonstrates the tactical depth of this cooperation. As of 2024, the two countries are working on a protocol for the joint use of Baykar-produced unmanned systems in Black Sea security patrols.
Ukraine’s new defense doctrine is based on the principle of “active defense and deterrence.” According to this strategy, the country aims not only to defend its own territory but also to deter potential aggressors through technological superiority.
As of 2025, Ukraine possesses one of Europe’s largest ground forces, the fastest-growing fleet of unmanned systems, and a NATO-standard personnel training system. In the long term, its goal is to establish by 2030 a fully professional, digitally integrated, modern joint force incorporating cyber and space elements.
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Ukrayna
National Anthem
History
Early Communities and Antiquity
Medieval Period
Russian and Austro-Hungarian Rule
Modern Era
Geography
Boundaries and Neighbors
Mountains
Plains and Valleys
Rivers and Lakes
Climate
Economy
Key Economic Indicators (2023)
Sectoral Distribution
Foreign Trade
Foreign Investment and Business Environment
Energy and Transportation Infrastructure
Demographics, Education, and Culture
Key Demographic Indicators for 2025【1】
Population Distribution and Urbanization
Ethnic Composition
Religious Distribution
Education and Literacy Rate
Migration and Population Decline
Tourism
Tourist Regions and Types
Cultural and Historical Tourism
Nature and Adventure Tourism
Memorial and War Tourism
Rural and Eco-Tourism
Role of Tourism in the Economy
Foreign Policy and Security
Diplomacy After Independence (1991–2013)
Rising Tensions with Russia and Transition to a New Security Architecture (2014–2022)
Integration with the West and European Policy
Neighboring Countries and Regional Relations
Strategic Partnership with the United States and the United Kingdom
Relations with Turkey
Security Structure and Defense Strategy
Energy and Economic Security Dimension
International Position and Identity Policy
Armed Forces and Defense Industry
Structure and Command System
Military Capacity and Modernization
Navy and Black Sea Security
Defense Industry
Joint Defense Cooperation with Turkey
Defense Doctrine and Future Perspective