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Alternating current (AC), in its most fundamental definition, is an electric current whose direction and magnitude change periodically over time. This periodic variation typically occurs in a sinusoidal waveform, although other forms such as triangular or square waves may be used in different applications. This fundamental characteristic distinguishes AC from direct current (DC). In direct current, electric charges flow in a constant direction, usually from high potential to low potential.
Alternating Current Waveforms (megep.meb)
In the early years of electrical power, direct current was adopted as the standard in the United States through systems developed by Thomas Edison. However, the inability to easily change the voltage level of direct current posed a significant obstacle to the efficient transmission of energy over long distances. Alternating current, by contrast, provided a solution to this problem through the ability to easily step up or step down voltage levels using transformers. This technical advantage enabled AC to become the dominant global standard for electricity generation, transmission, and distribution.
The following table summarizes the key differences between alternating current and direct current:
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