The secretary bird (Sagittarius serpentarius) is the only terrestrial hunter in the order Accipitriformes. It is recognized by its long legs and elegant stance. On average, they stand between 1.2 to 1.5 meters tall, with a wingspan ranging from 1.26 to 1.35 meters in males and 1.2 to 1.32 meters in females. They typically weigh between 2.3 and 4.3 kilograms. Their plumage is gray, with black wing tips and crest feathers on the head. The bare skin on their face is bright orange or red. Females are generally smaller than males.

Geographic Distribution and Habitat

The secretary bird is widespread across much of sub-Saharan Africa. It is not found in Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, or densely forested areas. It prefers open savannas, short grasslands, and agricultural lands. These birds can live at altitudes up to 3,000 meters above sea level.

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Behavior and Diet

Secretary birds spend most of their time on the ground and hunt while walking. They can travel up to 20–30 kilometers in a day. Their diet includes grasshoppers, insects, small mammals, reptiles, and birds. They are especially known for their ability to kill venomous snakes. They subdue their prey with their beak or feet. Large prey may be swallowed whole or torn into pieces before consumption.

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Reproduction and Offspring

Secretary birds are monogamous and can breed throughout the year. They build large, sturdy nests, usually on top of acacia trees. The female lays 1 to 3 eggs at intervals of two to three days. The incubation period lasts 42–46 days, and both the male and female share incubation duties. Chicks develop feathers within 60 days and learn to fly between 64 and 106 days. Parents teach their young how to hunt and live independently.

Conservation Status

The secretary bird is listed as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List. However, habitat loss and human activities pose threats to local populations. The species is protected under Appendix II of CITES.