Firework

Fireworks are pyrotechnic devices typically used for entertainment and celebration, containing gunpowder and various chemical compounds. Their primary function is to create visual and auditory effects, providing an engaging spectacle. This technology, first developed in 9th-century China to ward off evil spirits, is closely linked to the discovery of gunpowder. Over time, it reached Europe and evolved into its modern, elaborate form through advanced chemical formulations developed particularly in Italy. Today, fireworks are used in both military ceremonies and civilian events.

Visual of a fireworks event (AA)

Structure and Working Principle

A typical firework consists of an outer shell (capsule), a propellant charge, a time-delay fuse, and effect stars.

• Propellant charge: Provides lift.
• Time-delay fuse: Determines the timing of the explosion.
• Effect stars: Chemical compounds that produce colored bursts.

When ignited, the firework is propelled upward by the burning propellant. The time-delay fuse triggers the effect stars at the correct altitude, initiating a series of combustion and explosion reactions. This produces striking colors and patterns in the sky.

Chemical Composition and Color Formation

The colors in fireworks originate from specific wavelengths of light emitted by metallic salts when heated.

• Strontium nitrate: Red
• Copper(II) chloride: Blue
• Sodium nitrate: Yellow
• Barium nitrate: Green
• Calcium salts: Orange

These colors result from photon emission caused by electrons transitioning between energy levels when heated. Additionally, metals such as magnesium and aluminum enhance spark intensity and brightness.

Visual and Shape Effects

The geometric arrangement of effect stars determines the shape produced during detonation. For example:

• Circular arrangement → ring-shaped burst
• Symmetrical arrangement → flower, heart, or star shapes
• Asymmetrical arrangement → shower effect

Auditory effects such as chain explosions or crackling are achieved by adding additional compounds to the stars. These visual effects depend on both physical design and chemical composition.

Fireworks display over the Bosphorus during Republic Day celebrations, October 29, 2013 (AA)

Environmental and Biological Impacts

Effects on Human Health

Although visually impressive, fireworks pose health risks due to high sound pressure levels and chemical emissions. The sudden, intense noise from explosions can cause hearing loss, tinnitus, increased blood pressure, and anxiety. For individuals with epilepsy, the bright flashes may act as a seizure trigger.

Effects on Animals

Animals, particularly domestic pets and birds, are highly sensitive to fireworks. The loud noises and sudden light changes can disorient them, induce fear behaviors, and trigger mass flight responses. Nighttime displays can also lead to navigation errors and collisions among birds.

Chemical Pollution and the Environment

Metallic particles, perchlorates, and other chemicals released during fireworks displays can contaminate soil, water, and air, causing long-term environmental damage. These substances can affect living organisms through inhalation and accumulate with toxic effects over time.

Forensic Medicine and Injuries

Serious physical injuries occur due to improper use, inadequate safety measures, and illicit manufacturing.

• Finger amputations
• Eye injuries
• Second- and third-degree skin burns
• Chemical irritation of the respiratory tract

Such incidents increase significantly during peak display periods such as New Year’s Eve and holidays. According to a study published in the Forensic Medicine Bulletin, in Türkiye these injuries are most commonly observed in males aged 15 to 25. Additionally, the illegal use of homemade fireworks presents a serious safety hazard.

Legal Regulations and Ethical Debates

In many countries, the sale and use of fireworks are subject to special permits. In Türkiye, these products are classified as Class 1.3 and 1.4 pyrotechnics and fall under the supervision of the Ministry of Interior.

In recent years, growing environmental awareness and animal rights advocacy have led some cities to implement complete bans on fireworks.

As alternatives:

• Laser light shows
• Low-noise fireworks — environmentally and biologically sensitive technologies — are being developed.

Fireworks are visual and auditory spectacles rooted in ancient history, emerging from the convergence of chemistry and engineering. However, they are no longer viewed solely as entertainment; they have become a subject of debate across multiple domains including public health, environmental protection, animal welfare, and safety. The chemical compounds they contain and the noise levels they generate can harm human health and cause significant stress in animals. Moreover, improper use can lead to severe injuries and environmental pollution. Therefore, evaluating technological alternatives, strengthening regulatory measures, and raising public awareness are essential for adopting a safer and more sustainable approach.