Sustainable Development Goals

In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a road framework comprising 17 global targets aimed at eliminating poverty, protecting the planet, and combating inequality and injustice. The SDGs constitute a action plan applicable to all countries and intended to be achieved by 2030. Designed in line with the principle of “leaving no one behind,” these goals aim to ensure progress for every society along economic, social, and environmental sustainability axes.

Monitoring of the SDGs is carried out through 169 indicators, with the United Nations publishing an annual SDG Progress Report. This report is based on global indicators developed by UN agencies and data provided by national statistical systems. In addition, countries assess and share their progress every two years through Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs). Türkiye actively participates in this process by reporting its national strategies and implementations related to the SDGs.

The Contribution and Importance of the Business Sector to the SDGs

In the process of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, alongside institutions, the private sector plays a critical role. Companies’ extensive value supply chains, innovation capacity, and resources important generate significant impact. In addressing global challenges such as climate change, water and food crises, poverty, conflicts, and inequalities, the contribution of the private sector is unavoidable. In this context, companies must adopt sustainable business models and integrate social responsibility principles into their operations.

In this direction, initiatives such as the UN Global Compact support the business sector in developing strategies aligned with the SDGs and encourage responsible business models. Companies that move beyond profit focused models toward long long-term social, economic, and environmental benefit providers create both competition advantages and contribute to sustainable development.

In recent years, international frameworks such as the European Green Deal and the Paris Climate Agreement have made sustainability one of the fundamental dynamics of the global economy. Within this framework, aligning the business sector with sustainability goals has become a strategic necessity for maintaining long-term competitiveness.

To achieve success in the SDGs, cooperation among governments, the private sector, civil society organizations, and individuals must be strengthened. It is unavoidable that economic growth must be addressed in a balanced manner that integrates environmental and social dimensions to ensure sustainable global well-being.

Sustainable Development Goals

This list includes a portion of the 17 goals established by the United Nations under the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These goals were created to end poverty worldwide, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all.

1. No Poverty

Under the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the goal of No Poverty aims to eliminate all forms of extreme poverty by 2030. Within this scope, raising the living standards of individuals living below the daily income threshold of 1.25 USA dollars is identified as a primary priority. Additionally, the target is to reduce by at least half the proportion of people living in poverty according to national definitions across all age groups, while expanding and enhancing the inclusiveness of social protection systems. In this regard, countries must develop social protection mechanisms suited to their national conditions to ensure access for poor and vulnerable groups.

To increase equality of access to economic resources, the rights of poor and vulnerable groups to soil ownership, inheritance, natural source use, access to new technologies, and benefits from financial services must be secured. In parallel, adopting disaster risk reduction strategies is essential to enhance the resilience of poor populations and reduce their exposure to economic, social, and environmental shocks and climate change impacts. In this context, local and national authorities must develop and implement disaster risk management policies in accordance with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.

Particularly developing and least developed countries require special support mechanisms to reduce poverty. In this framework, international development cooperation must be strengthened and various financial resources mobilized. National and international strategies for gender-sensitive and pro-poor development must be central to sustainable development policies. Redirecting public expenditures toward essential services such as education, health, and social protection is of great importance. Moreover, increasing public investments that directly benefit women, poor groups, and vulnerable populations is considered a critical factor in reducing economic inequalities.

Indicators established to monitor progress toward this goal include the proportion of the population living below the international poverty line, the coverage of social protection systems, rates of access to economic resources, direct economic losses from disasters as a share of gross domestic product (GDP), and the degree to which public spending is directed toward poverty reduction policies. In this context, it is emphasized that poverty is not merely an economic problem but also encompasses social and environmental dimensions. Therefore, the No Poverty goal must not focus solely on economic growth but must be supported by comprehensive policies aimed at achieving social justice and building resilient communities.

2. Zero Hunger

Under the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the goal of Zero Hunger aims to eliminate global hunger by 2030 and ensure that all individuals have year-round access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food. In this regard, meeting the nutritional needs of vulnerable groups such as poor populations, infants, adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women, and the elderly is of critical importance. Ending malnutrition among children under five and addressing health issues such as stunting are among the priority targets.

To establish a sustainable and inclusive food production system, support must be provided to groups such as women, domestic communities, small small-scale farmers, nomads, and fishers in terms of land access, access to production resources, financial services, information, market participation, and non-agricultural employment opportunities. Increasing the income levels of small-scale food producers and enhancing agricultural productivity are critical factors for rural development and economic prosperity.

Widespread adoption of sustainable agricultural practices will contribute to ecosystem conservation and enhance the resilience of agricultural systems against climate change, drought, salt, and other natural disasters, while also supporting structural improvements aimed at protecting soil and water resources.

Genetics biodiversity conservation is considered a fundamental element for long-term food security. In this context, the establishment of seed and plant banks and the development of international mechanisms for the fair sharing of genetic resources are targeted.

In addition, expanding investments in agricultural infrastructure, scientific research, farmer education, and technological innovation is crucial to increase agricultural production capacity in developing countries.

Within the framework of international trade policies, the removal of commercial restrictions in global agricultural markets, the simultaneous elimination of export subsidies, and the resolution of structural inequalities in the agricultural sector are targeted. Ensuring the stable functioning of global food markets and preventing excessive fluctuations in food prices are critical for the sustainability of food security.

Indicators established to measure progress toward this goal include rates of malnutrition, the proportion of the population experiencing food insecurity, levels of agricultural productivity, income distribution, the percentage of land under sustainable agriculture, genetic material storage capacity, public spending on agriculture, and the amount of agricultural subsidies.

The goal of Zero Hunger encompasses not only increasing food production and distribution but also a multidimensional set of policies including promoting sustainable agriculture, conserving genetic diversity, removing trade barriers, and stabilizing food prices. To ensure long-term global food security, integrated strategies that consider social, economic, and environmental sustainability must be adopted.

3. Good Health and Well-being

The goal of Good Health and Well-being, established by the United Nations under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), includes comprehensive measures aimed at ensuring healthy lives for all by 2030 and reducing global health inequalities. In this direction, key components have been identified: improving mother and child health, combating infectious and non-communicable diseases, increasing preventive measures against substance addiction and traffic accidents, expanding sexual health services, increasing universal access to health services, and reducing environmental health threats.

Regarding maternal and child health, targets include reducing the global maternal mortality rate to fewer than 70 deaths per 100,000 live births, lowering the neonatal mortality rate to 12 or fewer deaths per 1,000 live births, and reducing the under-five mortality rate to 25 or fewer deaths per 1,000 live births. To achieve this, strengthening health services during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period, ensuring adequate nutrition, expanding immunization programs, and increasing access to basic health services are required.

Regarding the fight against infectious diseases, the goal is to completely eliminate AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases, as well as combat diseases caused by hepatitis and water. In parallel, preventing and diagnosing non-communicable diseases early to reduce deaths linked to heart-vascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases by one-third is targeted. Additionally, policies to support mental health and well-being aim to reduce suicide rates.

To build a healthy society, reducing the harms of substance abuse and alcohol consumption is critical. In this context, increasing preventive measures against narcotic substance and alcohol dependence, expanding rehabilitation centers, and improving treatment services are required. In parallel, stricter traffic safety policies are envisioned to halve deaths and injuries caused by traffic accidents.

To ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health services, expanding family planning, education, and counseling services and integrating sexual health services into national strategies are planned. Simultaneously, a universal health insurance system is targeted to protect individuals from financial risks, guarantee access to quality basic health services, and facilitate access to affordable medicines and vaccines.

To minimize the adverse effects of environmental factors on human health, reductions in deaths and disease caused by hazardous chemicals, air, water, and soil pollution are required. In this context, implementing policies that support environmental sustainability is considered a critical priority. Additionally, efforts to reduce smoking are targeted through strengthening implementation of the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

Encouraging research on medicines and vaccines to combat infectious and non-communicable diseases, particularly through implementing legal regulations that ensure affordable access to medicines and vaccines in developing countries, is essential. In this direction, policies compliant with the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the Doha Declaration on Public Health are envisioned.

In particular, developing countries must increase investments to strengthen health financing, enhance the capacity of health workers, and improve medical education. Strengthening early warning, risk reduction, and crisis management capacities against global health threats plays a critical role in combating pandemic and other people health threats. Achieving the goal of Good Health and Well-being will be possible through regular monitoring of health indicators, strengthening health systems, and developing global cooperation mechanisms.

4. Quality Education

The goal of Quality Education, established by the United Nations under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aims to provide inclusive, equitable, and quality education for all by 2030. In this context, all children are targeted to complete free and quality primary and secondary education, expand early childhood education and school development opportunities, and ensure equal access to higher education including vocational and technical education. Supporting women, persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples, and vulnerable groups to overcome barriers to education and increasing participation based on gender equality is a key priority.

Education plays a critical role in enhancing employability and supporting economic development. In this direction, it is necessary to impart technical and vocational skills required for employment, entrepreneurship, and decent work, increase access to information and communication technologies, and strengthen digital skills. Furthermore, the widespread promotion of basic academic competencies such as literacy and fundamental mathematics skills among individuals of all ages is targeted.

Education must not be limited to academic knowledge transfer but must also promote the dissemination of fundamental values such as sustainable development, human rights, gender equality, cultural diversity, global citizenship, peace culture, and non-violence. In this direction, restructuring education systems to impart skills that contribute to sustainable development is essential.

To ensure physical safety, freedom from violence, inclusivity, and accessibility in educational environments, it is necessary to expand child-, disability-, and gender-sensitive educational facilities and improve educational infrastructure.

In particular, developing countries must increase scholarships for higher education, support technical and scientific education programs, expand international educational cooperation, and enhance teachers’ professional competencies. To improve education quality, increasing the supply of qualified teacher, encouraging global cooperation in teacher training, and strengthening pedagogical capacity are required.

Indicators established to monitor this goal include various criteria such as achieving gender equality in education, increasing literacy rates, imparting digital skills, improving educational infrastructure, and reshaping education policies in line with sustainable development principles.

Quality education is a fundamental element not only for individual development but also for social development, economic growth, and a sustainable future. In this direction, it is crucial to structure education systems to unlock every individual’s complete potential and increase lifelong learning opportunities for individuals of all age groups.

5. Gender Equality

The goal of Gender Equality, established by the United Nations under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aims to eliminate all forms of discrimination and gender-based inequalities against women and girls. In this context, ending all forms of violence against women and girls, and implementing effective measures against fundamental human rights violations such as human trafficking, sexual exploitation, and physical violence are targeted. Simultaneously, completely eliminating harmful practices such as child, early, and forced marriage and female genital mutilation requires transforming social structures to be more sensitive to women’s rights.

Achieving gender equality is possible not only through legal frameworks but also through empowering women in economic and social spheres. In this direction, increasing women’s access to economic resources, property rights, financial services, and natural resources, and implementing legal reforms regarding inheritance and land ownership are of great importance. To ensure full and effective participation of women in economic, political, and social life, equal access to political decision-making processes, leadership positions, and managerial roles is targeted.

To enhance women’s and girls’ access to education and technological development opportunities, expanding access to information and communication technologies and developing digital skills that support gender equality are planned. Additionally, recognizing women’s unpaid domestic work and encouraging shared responsibility within families through support for public services and social protection policies is a significant step toward increasing women’s participation in economic and social life.

Protecting women’s health and expanding access to sexual and reproductive health services are recognized as essential components of gender equality. Guaranteeing rights to sexual and reproductive health, promoting the use of contraceptive methods, and ensuring individuals can make informed decisions in this area are required. In this framework, it is anticipated that developing policies aligned with international agreements and establishing legal frameworks will implement global commitments supporting gender equality.

Indicators established to measure progress toward this goal include rates of violence against women, prevalence of early marriage, women’s access to economic rights, representation rates in political and managerial positions, and levels of public funding allocated to gender equality policies. The goal of Gender Equality must be addressed as a cornerstone of social justice and sustainable development and supported by comprehensive politics and legal reforms that empower women.

6. Clean Water and Sanitation

The goal of Clean Water and Sanitation, established by the United Nations under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aims to ensure equitable access for all to reliable, affordable, and sustainable drinking water and sanitation services by 2030. Access to water is not only a fundamental human right but also critically important for public health, economic development, and environmental sustainability. In this context, expanding safe and hygienic sanitation infrastructure and developing policies sensitive to the needs of women, girls, and vulnerable groups are of great importance.

To protect water resources and improve water quality, it is necessary to improve wastewater management, minimize hazardous chemical releases, reduce the proportion of untreated wastewater, and promote water transformation technologies. Water scarcity is becoming an increasingly significant global threat, and addressing this requires increasing water use efficiency and ensuring sustainable management of sweet water resources. Simultaneously, integrated water resource management involving transboundary cooperation is a critical step to promote fair and sustainable water use.

Protecting water ecosystems is vital for the sustainability of water quality. Restoring and conserving ecosystems such as rivers, lakes, wetlands, mountains, and groundwater sources is a fundamental requirement for the continuity of freshwater resources. In this context, increasing technological investments in water harvesting, desalination, water recycling, wastewater treatment, and water efficiency will contribute to developing global solutions against water crises.

Indicators established to measure progress toward this goal include the proportion of the population with access to reliable drinking water services, the proportion of treated wastewater, water use efficiency, water stress levels, effectiveness of integrated water management policies, and participation of local communities in water governance. The goal of Clean Water and Sanitation aims not only to ensure access to water but also to ensure that water management is sustainable and inclusive in the long term. Therefore, enhancing local governance, international cooperation, and societal participation is critically important for generating effective solutions against global water crises.

7. Affordable and Clean Energy

The goal of Affordable and Clean Energy, established by the United Nations under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aims to ensure universal access to reliable, sustainable, and affordable modern energy services for all by 2030. Energy is one of the fundamental elements of economic growth and social well-being and plays a critical role in reducing inequalities between developed and developing countries. In this direction, alongside expanding access to energy, the target is to increase the share of renewable energy sources in the global energy mix and accelerate the transition to clean and sustainable energy.

Increasing energy efficiency is vital for sustainable development. Doubling the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency by 2030 represents a strategy to produce more with less energy. In this direction, accelerating the transition to low-carbon technologies, reducing the environmental impact of fossil fuels, and making energy consumption more efficient are required. Simultaneously, increasing investments in renewable energy, energy efficiency, and clean energy technologies in developing countries is critical to achieving this goal.

To increase global access to clean energy, investments in renewable energy technologies, strengthening energy infrastructure, and developing international cooperation are required. In this context, expanding sustainable energy sources such as hybrid energy systems, sun, wind, hydropower, and biomass enhances energy supply security while supporting environmental sustainability. Particularly in least developed countries, small island island states, and landlocked developing countries, expanding energy infrastructure is a major necessity for sustainable development.

Indicators established to measure progress toward this goal include the proportion of the population with access to electricity, the proportion of households using clean fuels and technologies, the share of renewable energy in total energy consumption, energy intensity, and the level of international financial resources directed toward clean energy investments.

The goal of Affordable and Clean Energy aims not only to increase energy supply but also to implement policies that promote environmental sustainability and energy efficiency. In this context, increasing investments in renewable energy-based infrastructure projects, supporting capacity-building efforts in developing countries, and promoting innovative energy technologies are of critical importance.

8. Decent Work and Economic Growth

The goal of Decent Work and Economic Growth, established by the United Nations under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aims to promote sustainable economic growth, ensure full and productive employment for all, and create decent working conditions. In this context, particularly in least developed countries, the target is to achieve annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth of at least 7 percent, increase economic productivity, and promote technology and innovation by focusing on high-value-added, labor intensive sectors.

To ensure sustainable economic development, supporting productive activities, promoting an entrepreneurial culture, and encouraging the growth of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises are of great importance. Simultaneously, increasing resource efficiency in consumption and production processes aims to ensure economic growth occurs without depleting natural resources, in line with principles of environmental sustainability.

To ensure that economic development progresses alongside social justice, creating full and productive employment opportunities for all, adopting the principle of equal pay for equal work, and supporting the participation of all individuals—including youth and persons with disabilities—in the labor force are critical targets.

To eliminate inequalities in the labor market and enhance social well-being, it is necessary to end forced labor, modern slavery, and human trafficking, eliminate all forms of child labor, and protect children working in hazardous occupations. In this direction, protecting workers’ rights, supporting workers in informal employment, and ensuring safe and fair work conditions for migrant workers and female workers are targeted.

The tourism sector is considered an important field that supports economic growth and generates employment. Therefore, promoting sustainable tourism that encourages local culture and products, implementing employment-generating policies, and increasing tourism’s contribution to local economies are planned. To enhance financial inclusion, facilitating access to banking, insurance, and financial services, strengthening national finance institutions, and encouraging more effective participation of individuals in financial systems are also targets.

Indicators established to monitor these goals include the real GDP growth rate per capita, wage gaps between female and male workers, unemployment rates, prevalence of informal employment, levels of workplace accidents, and the degree of protection of workers’ rights.

The goal of Decent Work and Economic Growth aims not only to promote economic growth but also to ensure that economic development is implemented in accordance with social justice, equity, and environmental sustainability principles. In this direction, increasing youth employment globally, expanding policies that support labor force participation, and improving international trade assistance are of great importance.

9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

The goal of Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure, established by the United Nations under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aims to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation. To establish a sustainable foundation for global economic development, constructing quality, reliable, and resilient infrastructure accessible to all on fair and affordable terms is critically important, particularly for supporting economic growth in developing countries. In this context, increasing regional and transboundary infrastructure investments and strengthening transportation, energy, and communication infrastructure are targeted.

To enable industrialization to progress in harmony with sustainable development, increasing the share of manufacturing industry in national economies, strengthening the employment creation capacity of the industrial sector, and doubling the share of industry in GDP in least developed countries are planned. In this direction, expanding access of small-scale industrial enterprises to financial services, establishing appropriate credit mechanisms, and ensuring industrial sector market integration are of great importance.

Integrating technological advancements with sustainable industrialization is a critical necessity to reduce the environmental impacts of economic growth. By 2030, modernizing infrastructure, increasing energy efficiency, and promoting environmentally sensitive industrial processes are targeted. In this framework, encouraging low-carbon production processes, renewable energy use, and environment friendly production technologies is considered a major priority.

To support industrial and technological development, increasing scientific research, promoting R&D investments, and enhancing the technological capacity of industrial sectors are required. Particularly increasing research development expenditures and strengthening innovation ecosystems in developing countries are important steps to enhance the competitiveness of industrial sectors. In this direction, financial, technological, and technical support must be provided to African countries, least developed countries, and developing small island states to develop sustainable infrastructure.

Increasing industrial diversity, supporting value-adding sectors, and developing industrial policies aligned with local economic dynamics are also key components of this goal. Expanding internet access, ensuring universal access to information and communication technologies, and providing universal and affordable internet access in least developed countries are among the elements supporting industrial and infrastructure development.

Indicators established to measure progress toward this goal include the share of manufacturing industry in GDP, the proportion of the population employed in the industrial sector, access of small enterprises to finance, carbon emissions generated during industrial production, the share of R&D expenditures in GDP, and rates of access to information technologies.

The goal of Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure aims not only to increase production but also to implement economic growth in harmony with environmental sustainability and social inclusivity. In this direction, strengthening industrial policies through technological progress, financial support mechanisms, and sustainable infrastructure investments has the potential to play a critical role in accelerating global development processes.

10. Reduced Inequalities

The goal of Reduced Inequalities, established by the United Nations under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aims to eliminate economic, social, and political inequalities within and among countries. In this context, the target is to ensure that the income of the bottom 40 percent of the population grows faster than the national average, promote fair distribution of prosperity, and guarantee that all segments benefit equally from economic growth. Additionally, eliminating exclusion based on factors such as age, gender, disability, ethnic origin, religion, or economic status is identified as a fundamental priority to ensure full and equal participation of everyone in social life.

Ensuring equal opportunity is possible not only through economic policies but also by eliminating laws, policies, and practices that lead to discrimination. In this context, expanding social policies that enhance equality in the labor market, education, access to health services, and decision-making mechanisms is required. Through fiscal policies, wage policies, and social protection measures, reducing income inequality and improving living standards for low-income groups are targeted.

Ensuring stability in global financial systems and increasing the representation of developing countries in international financial institutions is an important element in reducing inequalities. In this direction, developing countries must be encouraged to have stronger word rights in international economic and financial policies. Additionally, implementing planned and well-managed migration policies that protect the rights of migrants and facilitate regular migration flows will contribute to addressing global social and economic inequalities.

To support the economic development of developing countries, increasing financial investments targeted at least developed countries, African countries, developing small island states, and landlocked developing countries, promoting foreign direct investment, and expanding official development assistance are planned. In this context, implementing regulations that facilitate the integration of developing countries into the global trade system in accordance with World Trade Organization agreements is of great importance.

Considering the increasing mobility of the global workforce, reducing remittance transaction fees and facilitating access to financial services for migrant workers is expected to improve their economic conditions. By 2030, reducing remittance costs below 3 percent and eliminating transaction fees above 5 percent aims to enhance the economic well-being of low-income migrants.

Indicators established to measure progress toward this goal include the growth rate of the lowest income quintile, poverty rates by gender and age groups, proportion of discrimination victims, share of labor payments in GDP, representation of developing countries in international financial institutions, and effectiveness of migration policies.

The goal of Reduced Inequalities aims not only to address income inequality but also to strengthen global cooperation that enhances social participation, combats discrimination, and supports developing countries. In this direction, designing social and economic policies to eliminate inequalities will contribute to building a fairer and more sustainable global economic order.

11. Sustainable Cities and Communities

The goal of Sustainable Cities and Communities, established by the United Nations under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aims to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. As global urbanization accelerates, ensuring that cities develop sustainably in economic, social, and environmental terms is of great importance for maintaining quality of life. In this direction, ensuring access for all to safe, adequate, and affordable housing, improving informal settlements, and reducing social inequalities are targeted.

Developing transportation infrastructure is a critical element for the inclusivity and accessibility of cities. In this context, prioritizing the development of safe, affordable, and sustainable transportation systems sensitive to the needs of vulnerable groups such as women, children, persons with disabilities, and the elderly is essential. Simultaneously, managing urbanization in an inclusive, planned, and sustainable manner will ensure equitable development in urban infrastructure, residence, and service areas.

Protecting and enhancing the urban environment requires preserving cultural and natural heritage, which is a vital step in sustaining the historical and ecological identity of cities. Additionally, building disaster-resilient cities is a critical necessity to reduce risks from climate change and minimize the destructive impacts of natural disasters. In this context, protecting poor and vulnerable groups from disasters and reducing disaster-related deaths and economic losses—including those caused by water-related disasters—is targeted.

From an environmental sustainability perspective, cities must develop policies to reduce air pollution, enhance waste management, and minimize per capita environmental impacts. Additionally, increasing the number of safe, inclusive, and accessible green areas within city will contribute to enhancing social well-being and urban living quality.

To manage urbanization in a successful manner, strengthening economic, social, and environmental linkages between cities, rural areas, and urban fringes requires adopting an integrated planning approach that supports sustainable development. Moreover, local governments must adopt climate-resilient, environmentally friendly, and disaster-resistant urban policies and plans to enhance cities’ resilience against future risks.

Indicators established to measure progress toward this goal include the proportion of the urban population living in informal settlements, level of access to public transportation, degree of civil society participation in urban planning, air pollution levels, number of people affected by disasters, and accessibility of public green spaces.

The goal of Sustainable Cities and Communities aims not only to improve the physical infrastructure of cities but also to promote an integrated urban management approach that enhances social inclusivity, protects the environment, and strengthens resilience to disasters. In this direction, promoting sustainable urbanization policies and supporting resilient urban infrastructure in developing countries must be considered a cornerstone of the global development process.

12. Responsible Consumption and Production

The goal of Responsible Consumption and Production, established by the United Nations under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), was created to promote sustainable use of natural resources, reduce waste generation, and make production and consumption processes more efficient by minimizing environmental impacts. In this direction, the Ten-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production has been developed, encouraging all countries to participate in this process under the leadership of developed countries.

One of the fundamental components of sustainable development is the efficient management and use of natural resources. In this context, the target is to manage natural resource use sustainably and reduce global food waste by 2030. Particularly halving food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reducing post-production food losses along the supply chain are of great importance for food security and resource efficiency.

To minimize the environmental impacts of industrial activities, chemicals and hazardous wastes must be managed in an environmentally sound manner throughout their life cycle, preventing air, water, and soil pollution. In accordance with international frameworks adopted as of 2020, effectively implementing chemical waste management and disposal processes is a critical factor in reducing risks to human health and the environment.

Widespread adoption of recycling, reuse, and recovery practices is an important element contributing to environmental sustainability. Particularly encouraging large corporations to adopt sustainable production practices and transparently share sustainability reports with the public will strengthen the role of the private sector in this process. Simultaneously, adopting sustainability principles in public procurement will enable governments to lead policies that reduce environmental impacts.

Widespread dissemination of sustainable development and environmental education programs is of great importance for raising awareness among individuals and encouraging them to adopt lifestyles in harmony with nature. Additionally, enhancing scientific and technological capacities in developing countries to support their transition to sustainable production and consumption models will contribute to global sustainability.

Developing the tourism sector in accordance with sustainability principles is also an important part of this goal. Implementing policies that promote sustainable tourism generating employment and encouraging local culture and products, and monitoring the sustainability impacts of tourism will reduce the environmental impacts of tourism and support economic development.

Considering the environmental and economic impacts of fossil fuel subsidies, their phased removal in accordance with national conditions is a critical step to eliminate market distortions and prevent consumption models that harm the environment. In this process, policies must be developed to protect poor communities while taking into account the specific conditions of developing countries.

Indicators established to measure progress toward this goal include material footprint, per capita natural resource consumption, food loss and waste rates, number of countries with sustainable production and consumption policies, proportion of companies publishing sustainability reports, and the share of fossil fuel subsidies in total energy expenditures.

The goal of Responsible Consumption and Production aims to align global production and consumption systems with nature, improve waste management, and guide companies toward sustainable business models. In this direction, promoting environmentally friendly policies and increasing resource efficiency play a critical role in achieving sustainable development.

13. Climate Action

The goal of Climate Action, established by the United Nations under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), was created to combat climate change, mitigate its impacts, and strengthen adaptation processes. Global warming and climate change threaten both ecosystems and human communities by increasing the frequency and intensity of natural disasters. In this direction, countries must enhance their resilience to climate change, strengthen their capacity to adapt to natural disasters, and integrate climate policies into national development plans as fundamental targets.

To minimize the impacts of climate change, policies and strategies must be developed and implemented at global, national, and local levels. In this context, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting the transition to a low-carbon economy, and adopting climate-resilient development models must be integrated into countries’ sustainable development policies. Additionally, education, awareness-raising initiatives, and institutional capacity-building regarding climate change play a vital role in fostering public awareness.

Climate finance is a critical factor in enabling the implementation of global measures against climate change. In this direction, developed countries have committed to providing $100 billion annually in financing to developing countries as of 2020. This financing is intended to be mobilized through the Green Climate Fund to support developing countries in enhancing their capacity to adapt to climate change.

Particularly least developed countries and developing small island states are more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Therefore, developing and implementing climate policies focused on women, youth, and local communities is of great importance. Creating mechanisms that enhance the participation of local governments, communities, and civil society organizations in combating climate change will strengthen social inclusivity in decision-making processes.

Indicators established to measure progress toward this goal include the number of people affected by climate change, the level of implementation of national and local strategies to reduce disaster risks, the existence of national policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the inclusion of climate change topics in educational curricula, and the amount of climate finance provided to developing countries.

The goal of Climate Action adopts a comprehensive approach that not only seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also promotes societal and ecosystem adaptation to climate change, enhances resilience to natural disasters, and mobilizes climate finance. In this direction, strengthening global cooperation, adopting innovative environmental policies, and implementing climate strategies aligned with sustainable development goals play a critical role for the future of our planet.

14. Life Below Water

The goal of Life Below Water, established by the United Nations under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), was created to conserve and sustainably manage oceans, seas, and water resources and improve the health of sea ecosystems. Global warming, overfishing, illegal fishing, marine pollution, and ocean acidification threaten marine ecosystems and communities dependent on them. In this direction, conserving oceans and coastal ecosystems, implementing sustainable management policies, and ensuring sustainable use of ocean resources are fundamental targets.

Preventing and reducing marine pollution is critical to maintaining the ecological balance of oceans. Particularly plastic waste and chemical pollution from land-based activities are among the main threats to marine ecosystems. Preventing and significantly reducing such pollution by 2025 is of great importance for the sustainability of ocean biodiversity. Additionally, strengthening scientific cooperation to mitigate the impacts of ocean acidification and reduce these processes will support the development of long-term strategies for marine life conservation.

Preventing overfishing and destructive fishing practices is necessary to ensure healthy functioning of marine ecosystems. Therefore, conserving fish stocks through science-based management plans, combating illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and promoting sustainable fisheries are important steps to maintain the balance of ocean ecosystems. Additionally, protecting at least 10 percent of marine and coastal areas is an important policy supporting the conservation of marine biodiversity.

To implement sustainable policies for marine ecosystems, regulating fisheries subsidies, promoting small-scale fisheries, and economically supporting coastal communities are required. Particularly increasing economic benefits derived from sustainable use of water resources for small island states and least developed countries will support the sustainability of livelihoods in these regions.

Developing scientific research and marine technologies to protect and sustainably manage marine ecosystems will significantly contribute to improving ocean health. In this context, establishing science-based marine management policies, developing long-term strategies for conserving marine ecosystems, and enhancing developing countries’ access to marine technologies will strengthen sustainable ocean management.

Indicators established to measure progress toward this goal include the coastal eutrophication index, ocean acidification rates, proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels, level of implementation of policies to combat illegal fishing, and coverage of marine protected areas.

The goal of Life Below Water aims not only to protect oceans but also to enhance the economic well-being of communities dependent on marine ecosystems, promote sustainable use of ocean resources, and strengthen international cooperation. Preserving marine biodiversity and sustainably managing ocean resources are vital for the health of the global ecosystem, and actions taken in this direction will play a critical role in leaving healthy oceans to future generations.

15. Life on Land

The goal of Life on Land, established by the United Nations under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), includes critical elements such as conserving terrestrial ecosystems, ensuring the continuity of biodiversity, combating land degradation, and promoting sustainable forest management. Globally, deforestation, habitat destruction, law hunting, spread of invasive species, and unsustainable use of ecosystems threaten both environmental balance and the sustainability of human livelihoods. Therefore, developing and implementing policies to protect biodiversity and natural resources are of great importance for sustainable development.

Conserving and sustainably managing forests plays a critical role in ensuring healthy functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, combating climate change, and preserving biodiversity. In this context, halting deforestation, restoring degraded forest areas, and increasing reforestation efforts globally will contribute to protecting natural habitats. Additionally, rehabilitating soils degraded by desertification, drought, and floods and reversing land degradation are vital to ensure the sustainable functioning of ecosystems.

Mountain ecosystems play a significant role in the global water cycle and biodiversity, making the conservation and sustainable management of mountain ecosystems a critical requirement for environmental stability. Simultaneously, taking urgent measures to protect biodiversity and prevent extinction of threatened species and making natural habitats more resilient will help maintain global ecosystem balance.

Sustainable use of biodiversity and fair and equitable sharing of access to genetic resources are important steps for sustainable management of natural resources and local community development. Simultaneously, preventing illegal hunting and wildlife animal trafficking is a critical necessity for ecosystem conservation. In this direction, preventing illegal trade of plant and animal species and developing more effective global policies against such trafficking will contribute to ecosystem sustainability.

Implementing measures to minimize the damage caused by invasive alien species to ecosystems and controlling priority species is vital to maintaining the balance of natural ecosystems. In addition, integrating biodiversity and ecosystem services into national and local development plans, economic strategies, and poverty reduction policies will provide a long-term approach supporting environmental sustainability.

Indicators established to measure progress toward this goal include the proportion of forest area in total land area, the proportion of areas protected for ecosystem and biodiversity conservation, the proportion of degraded land, the status of threatened species, and the reduction of illegal hunting.

The goal of Life on Land aims not only to protect natural areas but also to support sustainable forest management, enhance biodiversity, and reduce environmental risks. Increasing international cooperation, mobilizing financial resources, and ensuring access to sustainable livelihood opportunities for local communities are critical roles in advancing sustainable development. Protecting and sustainably managing natural ecosystems is an unavoidable responsibility to leave a healthy environment to future generations.

16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

Sustainable development is directly linked not only to economic growth and environmental sustainability but also to the creation of peaceful, inclusive, and just societies. Reducing violence and injustice, ensuring the rule of law, and establishing strong and account accountable institutions are fundamental pillars of sustainable development. In this direction, protecting individuals’ fundamental rights, ensuring access to equitable justice systems, and building safe communities are critically important for global peace and stability.

Reducing rates of violence and crime is a fundamental requirement to ensure everyone can live in safety and peace. Protecting children from abuse and violence and preventing human rights violations such as human trafficking and child labor are among the priority measures required for global justice. Simultaneously, combating corruption and bribery, enhancing the accountability of state institutions, and ensuring public trust in governance play a vital role.

Ensuring the rule of law and expanding access to justice requires establishing strong legal systems enabling individuals to defend their rights. In this context, making justice mechanisms accessible to all and ensuring transparent legal processes is essential for the development of inclusive societies. Additionally, preventing illicit financial flows and organized crime will contribute to global security.

Principles of transparency, accountability, and inclusivity in state governance strengthen democratic institutions. In this direction, effective, participatory, and representative decision-making processes must be established at all levels of government, and active public participation in governance must be encouraged. Simultaneously, increasing the representation of developing countries in international governance mechanisms will ensure fairer participation in global decision-making processes.

To ensure everyone benefits from legal rights, providing legal identity to all individuals, starting with birth registration, is important for protecting citizenship rights. In addition, protecting freedom of information and expression is one of the fundamental principles of democratic societies. Therefore, ensuring the safety of journalists, human rights defenders, and activists is a critical necessity to maintain free and independent media environments.

Strengthening international cooperation in combating terrorism and crime necessitates enhancing the capacities of national institutions. Creating inclusive laws and policies to prevent violence and discrimination are important steps to maintain social stability.

Indicators established to measure progress toward this goal include rates of violence and crime, levels of corruption, rates of access to justice, transparency of legal processes, right to information, human rights violations, and progress in combating discrimination.

Societies with peaceful, just, and strong institutions not only ensure the safety of individuals but also contribute to preserving sustainable development and global well-being. Therefore, ensuring a fair, inclusive, and safe living environment for all is an indispensable element in building a sustainable future.

17. Partnerships for the Goals

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals is possible through global cooperation, common financing mechanisms, and strengthening technological capacity. In this direction, strong partnerships must be established among public and private sectors, civil society organizations, international organizations, and governments to effectively implement economic, social, and environmental development goals. Strategic partnerships developed in areas such as finance, technology, capacity building, trade, and policy alignment are important tools to accelerate sustainable development.

Mobilizing financial resources will enable developing countries to enhance their domestic revenue collection capacity and ensure necessary investments for sustainable development. Strengthening tax systems and ensuring debt sustainability are among the elements supporting financial stability and long-term development. Additionally, official development assistance and foreign direct investment must contribute to the economic growth and infrastructure investments of least developed countries.

Sharing technology and innovation plays a critical role in accelerating sustainable development. Transferring environmentally friendly technologies to developing countries, enhancing digital transformation and scientific capacity, will enable these countries to implement green energy, clean production, and environmentally friendly policies. Increasing access to information and communication technologies will also strengthen global cooperation by facilitating knowledge sharing.

Capacity building is a vital necessity for public administration and civil society in less developed countries to implement sustainable development goals. In this direction, capacity development initiatives in public administration, science, education, and technology must be encouraged through international cooperation.

Promoting fair and open trading systems will support the economic growth of developing countries by enabling them to have greater voice in global trade. Reducing trade barriers, enhancing export capacities of developing countries, and implementing duty-free trade agreements are important factors accelerating the sustainable development process.

Policy and institutional alignment will strengthen international cooperation for sustainable development by enhancing global macroeconomic stability. Increasing the participation of developing countries in decision-making processes within international financial institutions will contribute to fairer representation in global governance.

Encouraging multi-stakeholder partnerships will accelerate progress toward sustainable development goals. Supporting public-private partnerships will contribute to managing economic growth sustainably and increasing the well-being of broader populations.

Strengthening data collection, monitoring, and accountability mechanisms will ensure transparent implementation of the sustainable development process and assist in evaluating progress. Increasing comprehensive data sharing among countries will improve decision-making processes and enhance the effectiveness of global sustainable development policies.

In conclusion, achieving the Sustainable Development Goals successfully requires strengthening global partnerships and enhancing cooperation. Partnerships established in financial, technological, trade, and institutional areas will enable countries to implement sustainable growth policies more effectively and support a more inclusive and equitable development process.