Probiotic

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host (e.g. humans). The term is derived from the Greek phrase pro bios, meaning “for life”. Probiotics primarily consist of bacteria that naturally inhabit the human digestive tract and live in symbiotic relationship with the body. These microorganisms play a role in balancing the gut microbiota, regulating digestive functions, and supporting the immune system.

Probiotic (Anadolu Agency)

Main Probiotic Types

Probiotic microorganisms are generally classified into three main groups:

Lactobacilli (Lactobacillus spp.)

They are primarily found in the small intestine. By producing lactic acid, they lower the intestinal pH and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria.

Bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium spp.)

They are densely populated in the large intestine. They contribute to the production of B vitamins and enhance nutrient absorption.

Enterococci (Enterococcus spp.)

These bacteria naturally occur in the digestive system and have regulatory effects on the immune system.

These microorganisms may also include yeast species; however, the term probiotic is generally used to refer to beneficial bacterial strains.

Effects on Health

The health effects of probiotics have been studied scientifically and are known to play roles in various physiological functions. These effects are categorized as follows:

• Detoxification: They assist in binding harmful compounds ingested through food to the intestinal wall, facilitating their elimination from the body.
• Regulation of bowel movements: They help alleviate bowel disorders such as constipation.
• Reduction of bad breath: By influencing the oral and gut microbiota, they can help prevent the formation of unpleasant odors.
• Support of the immune system: They support the body’s natural defense mechanisms by inhibiting the proliferation of harmful bacteria.
• Restoration of microbiota after antibiotic use: They contribute to the re-establishment of balance in the gut microbiota disrupted by antibiotic treatment.
• Vitamin synthesis and absorption: They play a role in the synthesis and intestinal absorption of B-group vitamins and vitamin K.
• Enhancement of calcium absorption: By increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, they help maintain bone mineral density, potentially reducing the risk of osteoporosis.
• Suppression of infectious agents: By inhibiting the growth of harmful microorganisms, they can slow the development of infections. They are particularly effective against urinary tract infections and traveler’s diarrhea caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli).
• Modulation of allergic responses: They are suggested to play a role in reducing symptoms associated with allergies.
• Support of skin appearance: Various studies have reported positive effects on skin health.

Natural Sources of Probiotics

Probiotics are microorganisms that can be naturally consumed through food. The following foods are rich in probiotics:

• Homemade yogurt
• Kefir
• Fermented pickles
• Turnip juice
• Pomegranate molasses (fermented varieties)
• Vinegar (naturally fermented product)
• Boza

These products exhibit probiotic properties as long as they contain live and active microorganisms. To preserve these benefits, they must not be subjected to processes such as pasteurization. Additionally, production conditions must be hygienic and appropriate temperature levels must be maintained.