Sinop (Province)

Sinop is a coastal city located in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye, bordering İnceburun, the country’s northernmost point. With a history extending back to the 7th century BCE, Sinop became one of the most important important trade centers in the Black Sea. Its archaeological remains, natural beauty, and historical structures reflect influences from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk, and Ottoman periods.

Sinop center (Photo: Sinop Provincial and Tourism Directorate)

Etimology

There are differing views on the origin of the name Sinop. In antiquity, the city was known as Sinope (Σινώπη), and its name is often explained through Greek mythology. According to legend, Sinope, a nymph and daughter of the river god Asopos, was pursued by Zeus, who asked her for a favor. Sinope, however, asked Zeus to grant her eternal virginity, and thus settled in the region, naming it after herself.

Another theory links the name Sinope to the Caucasian peoples of the northern Black Sea region. Some researchers suggest the word may derive from a domestic Anatolia language or a Caucasian tongue. Additionally, it has been proposed that Sinop may be connected to the name “Sinuwa” found in Hittite texts.

History of Sinop

Antiquity

The history of Sinop extends back to the 7th century BCE. In antiquity, known as Sinope (Σινώπη), it was founded as a colony by Milesian seafarers. Due to its strategic location, Sinop became one of the most important trade and port centers of the Black Sea. In the 6th century BCE, it came under the control of the Persian Empire. However, after Alexander the Great’s conquest of Anatolia in the 4th century BCE, Persian dominance ended and the city fell under Hellenistic influence.

In 183 BCE, King Pharnaces I of Pontus captured Sinop and made it the capital of the Kingdom of Pontus. During this period, the city was fortified, temples were built, and it developed into a thriving port city. In 70 BCE, following a campaign led by the Roman general Lucullus, Sinop came under Roman rule. Throughout the Roman period, the city remained a military base and key commercial hub, further developing through urban projects. After the Roman Empire’s division in 395 CE, Sinop remained under the control of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire.

Byzantine Period

After the division of Rome, Sinop became one of the Byzantine Empire’s key defensive and commercial centers on the Black Sea. In the 6th century, Emperor Justinian I strengthened its fortifications and commissioned the construction of several churches. During the Byzantine era, the city gained prominence through its commercial activities and Christian missionary efforts. In the 11th century, as the Byzantine Empire weakened, Sinop suffered raids and eventually came under the control of Muslim states. However, Byzantium managed to retain control of the city for a time after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071.

Seljuk Period

In 1214, a Turkish army under the command of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultan Izzeddin Kaykavus captured Sinop. With this conquest, the city began to Turkify and developed as a commercial center. Seljuks strengthened its defenses, repaired the harbor, and constructed various architectural structures.

During the Seljuk period, Sinop increased its commercial and military importance, becoming a vital center in sea trade. However, after the Mongol invasion of Anatolia in 1243, Sinop fell under Mongol rule. By the end of the 13th century, the city came under the control of the Candaroğulları Beylik.

Ottoman Period

In 1461, Sinop was incorporated into the Ottoman territories by Fatih Sultan Mehmet. During the Ottoman period, the city continued to serve as an important port and shipyard center. Shipbuilding for the Ottoman navy took place in Sinop, supported by maritime trade and shipyard activities. During the Crimean War in 1853, the Ottoman fleet stationed at Sinop Harbor was heavily attacked by the Russian navy. This assault became a pivotal dönüm in the Ottoman Empire’s modernization process, compelling the Ottomans to seek assistance from Britain and France. In the 19th century, Sinop maintained its military and strategic significance, though its commercial activities declined in the final decades of the Ottoman Empire.

Engraving of Sinop in the early 18th century (Photo: TDV Islamic Encyclopedia)

Republican Period

After the proclamation of the Republic, Sinop remained one of Türkiye’s most important northern coastal cities. Although its military and commercial importance diminished compared to the Ottoman era, the city sustained economic growth through agriculture, forestry, fishing, and tourism. The Sinop Historical Prison, which had been in use since the Ottoman period and held many notable prisoners, was closed in the 20th century and converted into a tourist site.

Geography

Location and Boundaries

Sinop lies approximately between 42° 02' north latitude and 35° 09' east longitude. The city is situated on the Sinop Peninsula, which features a natural harbor along the Black Sea coast. This location made it a significant center for maritime trade throughout history. The total area of the province is 5,862 km², accounting for approximately 0.8% of Türkiye’s total land area.

To the west, it borders Kastamonu, to the south Çorum, to the southeast Samsun, and to the north the Black Sea. The total length of the provincial borders is 475 km, of which 300 km are land boundaries and 175 km are coastline. Natural formations such as Akliman and Hamsilos Bay are found along Sinop’s coast. These bays have historically served as natural harbors and shelters.

Climate and Vegetation

The Black Sea climate prevails in Sinop, characterized by mild and rainy conditions throughout the year. Summer months are generally cool, while winter months are warm and rainy. Snow rainfall is rare, with the highest precipitation occurring in autumn and winter months. The average annual temperature in the province is around 14–15°C.

The warmest period July and August months can reach temperatures of up to 25°C. The coldest months are January and February, with temperatures occasionally dropping to an average of 3–4°C. Due to the influence of the Black Sea, humidity levels are high, especially along the coast where the maritime effect is pronounced. As one moves inland, the climate becomes more continental, with colder winters and reduced rainfall.

Sinop’s plant cover is exceptionally rich due to the moist and rainy conditions of the Black Sea climate. A large portion of the province is forested and it hosts one of Türkiye’s most significant forest areas. Broadleaf forests dominate the coastal regions, while coniferous forests become more common inland. Beech, oak, hornbeam, chestnut, hazelnut, black pine, and Scots pine are the most common tree species. Extensive forest areas are found particularly in regions such as Ayancık and Erfelek.

Mediterranean scrub vegetation is also widespread in Coast areas, with species such as laurel, wild olive, olive, and myrtle. Additionally, Sinop’s wetlands, including Akgöl and Sarıkum Lake, host rich aquatic vegetation and endemic plant species.

Topography

Mountains

Sinop has a mountainous and rugged land structure, with mountains generally running parallel to the sea. As one approaches the central district, these elevations gradually descend into coastal plains. Among the province’s highest points are Çangal Mountain (1,605 m) in Ayancık and Dranaz Mountain (1,345 m) in Boyabat.

Plains

Although Sinop lacks extensive agricultural plains, there are several flat areas suitable for farming along the coast and inland. The Boyabat Plain, due to its proximity to the Kızılırmak River, is a region of intensive agricultural activity. The Sinop Plain is one of the largest flat areas near the center and holds significant importance for agriculture and livestock.

Rivers and Lakes

Although the province has no major rivers, numerous small streams flow into the Black Sea. The most important of these is the Gökırmak, which irrigates the Boyabat Plain before joining the Kızılırmak River. Other rivers such as Ayancık Creek, Karasu Creek, Kanlıçay (Güzelceçay), and Kabalı Creek also reach the Black Sea.

Sinop also has natural lakes, particularly along the coast, where lagoon lakes stand out. The most significant of these is Sarıkum Lake. This lagoon lake on the Black Sea coast is of great importance for waterfowl and natural ecosystems. Additionally, Akgöl in Ayancık, surrounded by forests, is a valuable area both for ecosystem and tourism.

Wildlife

The moist and rainy conditions of the Black Sea climate have enhanced the province’s biological diversity, creating an important habitat, especially for bird species. Sinop’s forested areas are home to mammals such as brown bear, wolf, fox, jackal, roe deer, wild boar, and badger. In inland and mountainous areas, species such as Porsuk, weasel, and wild rabbit are also found.

Sinop’s coastal regions and lakes are of great importance for birdwatching. Sarıkum Lake and Akgöl serve as vital stopover sites for migratory birds. The Sarıkum Nature Conservation Area is one of the shelter and breeding grounds for some endangered waterfowl. Common bird species along Sinop’s coasts and wetlands include the black kite, grey heron, great white egret, little egret, wild duck, and shoveler. Raptors such as falcon, goshawk, peregrine falcon, and owl are also frequently observed along the coast and in forested areas.

Sarıkum Lake (Photo: Orhan Özgülbaş, Türkiye Culture Portal)

With its Black Sea coastline, Sinop also serves as a transit point for migratory birds. Particularly in spring and autumn, storks and various waterfowl pass through the region. In winter, sea ducks and seagull species are commonly observed along the coast.

Sinop’s natural environment and climate provide favorable conditions for wildlife, and studies are being conducted to ensure the sustainability of bird populations, especially in protected areas. For this reason, Sinop is recognized as one of Türkiye’s key locations for wildlife and birdwatching.

Demographic Structure

According to 2023 TÜİK results, Sinop’s total population is recorded as 226,957. This represents approximately 0.27% of Türkiye’s total population of 85,372,377. A notable feature of the province’s demographic structure is the high proportion of elderly residents. As of 2023 data, 20.0% of Sinop’s population is aged 65 age and over. This percentage places Sinop among the provinces with the highest elderly population ratios in Türkiye.

Sinop’s demographic structure also influences its social and economic dynamics. The high elderly population necessitates special arrangements in healthcare, social support systems, and employment policies. Additionally, the declining youth population is a critical factor to consider in the province’s long-term development planning.

Districts and Population (2023)

Ayancık: 24,013

Boyabat: 45,494

Dikmen: 4,851

Durağan: 17,151

Erfelek: 12,795

Gerze: 30,100

Saraydüzü: 5,867

Türkeli: 16,635

Economy

Agriculture and Livestock

Sinop’s total land area is 586,200 hectares, of which 30% or 174,117 hectares are suitable for agriculture. However, active farming occurs on 78,730 hectares. Major agricultural products include wheat, barley, maize, and rice. Additionally, fruit and vegetable production hold significant importance. Particularly in the region, fruits such as apple, pear, plum, and hazelnut, as well as vegetables like tomato, pepper, and eggplant, are cultivated.

The livestock sector also plays a significant role in the provincial economy. In addition to cattle and small livestock farming, beekeeping and poultry farming are practiced. Moreover, due to its Black Sea coastline, fishing is an important source of livelihood. Marine product harvesting and aquaculture provide economic value, especially for communities living along the coast.

Trade and Industry

Sinop’s industry sector is primarily composed of stone and land-based industries and the food sector. The province has seven registered chambers of artisans and tradespeople under the Tradespeople and the Union of Craftsmen and Tradespeople. These chambers support businesses that contribute to the local commercial life. Industrial facilities are mostly small and medium-sized enterprises engaged in food processing, construction material production, and forest product processing.

The trade sector is developing in line with the province’s geographic location and transportation infrastructure. Sinop Port holds strategic importance for both freight and passenger transport. Additionally, road connections facilitate domestic and international trade. Local markets feature the sale of agricultural and livestock products, while artisans and tradespeople offer various services.

Culture and Tourism

Traditional Handicrafts

The province of Sinop is distinguished by its rich cultural heritage and the transmission of traditional handicrafts from generation to generation. These crafts are essential elements reflecting the historical and cultural fabric of the region.

Weaving and Textile Products

Weaving in Sinop is particularly notable in Ayancık for flax production. Flax thread is spun and woven on looms known as “order”. From these textiles, garments such as göynek, nezgep, and paça, as well as household textiles like chador and peşkir, are produced. Additionally, textiles known as “circle”, worn as headscarves, are common in Boyabat, Durağan, and Saraydüzü districts. These are woven with striped borders and solid centers. “Mahrama” and “peşkir” are fine textiles used as hand and face towels, decorated with local motifs. Mahrama is woven more tightly than peşkir, which is thinner and longer.

Ship Modeling and Kotracılık

Ship modeling and kotracılık, which began in the 1950s in the Sinop Prison, have become symbols of the province. Originally crafted by inmates, this art form spread to the provincial center. Traditional kotras and boat models, made using traditional methods, are favored as souvenirs by domestic and foreign tourists. Different wood types such as walnut, hornbeam, and beech are used in their production.

Ship modeling (Photo: Sinop Provincial and Tourism Directorate)

Knife Making

Knife making in Sinop is a traditional craft sustained by the Özekes family for four generations. Initiated in 1890 by Usta Hüseyin as a hobby, this tradition now holds an important place in the province’s identity. High-carbon Swedish steel is used for blades, while handles are made from buffalo or deer horn and rose root wood. The knives produced include decorative, kitchen, and av varieties.

Sinop knife (Photo: Türkiye Culture Portal)

Traditional Clothing

Sinop’s traditional attire reflects the cultural richness of the region. Men wear tight-legged trousers called “zıpka” and collarless shirts, while women prefer embroidered “göynek” garments and the “üçetek” dress. As head coverings, “nezgep”, “fez”, or “çember” are used.

Tourist Sites

Sinop Historical Prison

One of Sinop’s most famous structures, the Historical Sinop Prison, is built on a peninsula surrounded by sea on three sides. Constructed within a natural rock formation, the prison was used for various purposes over many years and is now open to visitors as a museum. The prison, once home to famous inmates such as Sabahattin Ali, attracts interest for its architecture and history.

Hamsilos Nature Park

Hamsilos Village, a natural harbor, is known as Türkiye’s only fjord. This area, renowned for its rich vegetation and natural beauty, is ideal for hiking and nature photography. Hamsilos Nature Park is preserved as a unique natural wonder where green and blue merge.

Hamsilos Nature Park (Photo: Türkiye Culture Portal)

Boyabat Castle

Boyabat Castle, located in the Boyabat district, is built on a high rock formation and served as a strategic defensive point during the Byzantine, Seljuk, and Ottoman periods. From the castle, panoramic views of Boyabat can be seen.

Boyabat Castle (Photo: Furkan Durmuş, pexels.com)

Akgöl

Akgöl, located in the Ayancık district, is one of Sinop’s most important natural beauties. Nestled within forests, this lake with its clean air and natural environment is an ideal place for relaxation and immersion in nature.

Paşa Tabyası

Paşa Tabyası, built during the Ottoman period to protect Sinop Harbor, stands out for its historical structure. This building, which housed artillery batteries to defend against sea attacks, is now open to visitors.

Sinop Archaeological Museum

The Sinop Archaeological Museum showcases the region’s deep history, housing artifacts from various periods. Exhibits include relics from the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman eras.

Pervane Medrese

The Pervane Medrese, dating from the Seljuk period, is currently used as a art gallery and handicraft center. It is an important stop for those wishing to view the historical structure and purchase local products.

Pervane Medrese (Photo: Sinop Provincial and Tourism Directorate)

Erfelek Tatlıca Waterfalls

One of Sinop’s most striking natural attractions, the Erfelek Tatlıca Waterfalls consists of 28 different waterfalls of varying sizes. It is a suitable area for nature walks and camping.

Seyit Bilal Türbesi

The tomb dedicated to Seyit Bilal, regarded as one of the important figures in the spread of Islam in Anatolia, is a vital part of Sinop’s religious and cultural heritage.

Basalt Cliffs

The Basalt Cliffs, among Sinop’s natural beauties, are a geological formation resulting from volcanic activity, characterized by column-shaped rocks. Visitors can enjoy unique natural landscapes here.

Basalt Cliffs (Photo: Sinop Provincial and Tourism Directorate)

Diogenes Statue

Sinop is known as the birthplace of the famous ancient Greek philosopher Diogenes (Diogenes). The Diogenes Statue at the entrance to Sinop serves as an important cultural symbol welcoming visitors. Statue depicts Diogenes holding a lighthouse, referencing the legend that he wandered the streets during daylight with a lantern, saying “I am searching for an honest man.” Beside the statue stands a dog figure, emphasizing Diogenes’ embrace of a natural lifestyle and his closeness to animals. This statue in Sinop not only preserves the philosopher’s legacy but also serves as a key element of the city’s cultural identity, attracting visitor interest.

Cuisine

İçli Tava

İçli tava, one of Sinop’s famous seafood dishes, is prepared primarily with anchovies and mackerel. After being coated in flour, the fish are fried and then baked in the oven with onion, tomato, and pepper. Traditionally served with cornbread and salad.

Hamursuz Tatlısı

Hamursuz tatlısı is a traditional dessert of Sinop cuisine. Despite its name meaning “without dough,” it is made using dough. The preparation involves rolling out a soft dough, baking it on a griddle, soaking it in water, and layering it with walnuts.

Keşkek

Keşkek, an important dish in Black Sea cuisine, is a traditional meal prepared especially during wedding and holiday celebrations. Wheat and meat are cooked for a long time and pounded into a porridge-like consistency. It is served with a sauce of red pepper fried in butter.

Boyabat Ezmesi

Boyabat ezmesi is a distinctive dessert of Boyabat district, made with sugar, semolina, butter, and walnuts. This dense dessert is traditionally prepared for guests and served with a sprinkle of walnuts on top.

Sinop Nokulu

Nokul, one of Sinop’s most famous pastry items, is made by rolling dough around a filling of walnuts, grape, or minced meat. It comes in sweet and savory varieties. Typically consumed during breakfast or tea hours, nokul is an important part of Sinop’s cultural heritage.

Sinop nokulu (Photo: Sinop Provincial and Tourism Directorate)

Sinop Mantısı

Sinop mantısı is one of the most famous dishes of Sinop cuisine and differs from other mantı varieties by its larger size. The dumplings, shaped like small pouches, are served with yogurt and walnuts. The distinguishing feature of Sinop mantısı is the addition of walnuts sautéed in butter on top.

Boyabat İncir Uyutması

Incir uyutması is a traditional dessert unique to Boyabat, made by allowing dried figs to naturally ferment in milk without any additives. This dessert is both delicious and healthy due to its probiotic properties.

Boyabat Sırık Kebabı

Sırık kebabı is a distinctive meat dish from Boyabat, prepared by slowly rotating a whole lamb over wood fire. The meat’s natural fats render during cooking, giving the kebab its unique flavor. This dish is especially favored at large gatherings and special occasions and is one of the important meat dishes of Sinop cuisine.

Boyabat Sırık Kebabı (Photo: Sinop Provincial and Tourism Directorate)

Transportation and Infrastructure

The province of Sinop has made significant progress in transportation and infrastructure. The total road network spans 564 km, comprising 221.2 km of concrete pavement and 342.8 km of surface coating. In road transport, the Çiftlik Tunnel and Demirciköy Tunnel on the Sinop-Samsun Motorway have made travel safer and more fast. The Çiftlik Tunnel is 1,285 meters long, and the Demirciköy Tunnel is 1,680 meters long.

Sinop’s maritime transport is provided through Sinop Port, one of the natural harbors of the Black Sea. However, the current port is primarily used as a fishing harbor and is not fully utilized for sea transport. For air transport, Sinop Airport meets the region’s air traffic needs.

Local Administration

Vali

Dr. Mustafa ÖZARSLAN currently serves as the Governor of Sinop. Appointed to the position of Sinop Governor by Presidential Decree No. 2023/376 dated 09.08.2023, published in the Official Gazette No. 32275 on 10.08.2023, Dr. Mustafa ÖZARSLAN assumed office on 18.08.2023.