Rize (province)

History

Information about Rize’s prehistoric past is limited. The region’s dominant forest structure has hindered archaeological excavations, and thus no historical findings specific to this area have been brought to light to date. Consequently, Rize’s history can only be assessed in relation to its neighboring provinces and regions. There are differing views regarding the origin of the name Rize. According to one theory, the name derives from the Greek word “Rhisos,” meaning “rice.” Additionally, in Rumelian dialects, the term “Riza” refers to “mountain hem.” In Ottoman Turkish, the word “Rize” carried the meaning of “small fragments” or “debris.” Another opinion suggests that the name “Eriza,” used during the Saka period in Erzincan, came to be applied to Rize after the initial “e” letter was dropped.

Pontus and Seljuk Periods

After Alexander’s death, wars of succession broke out among his generals. During this period, Mithridates Ktistes, who declared independence, established the Pontic Kingdom, expanding his territory along the Black Sea coast. In 180 BCE, King Pharnaces of Pontus invaded Rize and incorporated the region into his lands. In the 5th century BCE, the Greek historian Herodotus, who traveled along the northern Black Sea coast, mentioned the “Alazon” (Alaz) tribe of the Saka people. Pliny, who lived between 23 and 79 CE, reported the existence of a people called “Lazes” (Lazoi) in the same region. The Roman Arrian, who sailed along the Black Sea coast in 133 CE, described the Laz people dominating the eastern Black Sea region.

Rize remained under Roman rule from 10 to 395 CE and then under the Byzantine Empire from 395 onward. The Amadunuler, a tribe residing between Iğdır and Gökçegöl and Alagez Mountain, fled Iranian pressure in 626 CE and crossed the Çoruh River under the leadership of their tribal chiefs, settling in the Dampur region of Rize. This settlement is known today as Hemşin. In 646 CE, this area was placed under Arab taxation, and in 737 CE, it fell into the hands of an Arab duration force.

From the 11th century onward, Turkmen raids intensified in Rize. After the 1071 Battle of Manzikert battle, emirates were established in territories taken from Byzantium, and the Erzurum-Saltuqids incorporated the Rize region into their domains along the Çoruh River. Ebu Yakup and Emir Isa Böri, commanders of Sultan Melikşah’s son, achieved victory at the Posof-Kol battle on 24 June 1080, defeating the Apkaz-Georgia Kingdom and ending Byzantine dominance in the Black Sea region. This development led to Rize’s incorporation into Seljuk territory, paralleling the rise of the Great Seljuk State.

Following these events, the Çepni and Kurdish tribes settled along the eastern Black Sea coast and in Rize’s İkizdere region. In 1098, the Danishmends briefly held sway over the area. However, under the influence of Crusades, Byzantium regained control and captured Trabzon and Rize in 1098. In 1195, the Kubasar family and their followers, belonging to the Kipchak tribe residing in the Çoruh Valley, settled in Rize and Trabzon under Byzantine administration. The 60 families in İkizdere and Sürmene are descendants of the Kumbasar clan. During the Fourth Crusade, after the Franks captured Constantinople, the Komnenos dynasty founded the Empire of Trebizond in 1204, and Rize came under its jurisdiction.

Ottoman Period

From 1456 onward, the Trebizond Greeks began paying taxes to the Ottoman State. After the Ottoman conquest of Trebizond in 1461, Rize and its surroundings were brought under Turkish rule as part of the conquests of Fatih Sultan Mehmet. In 1470, an Ottoman army under the command of Ali Pasha brought Rize and its environs under Turkish administration, accelerating the process of integration with Turkish units in Anatolia. After 1461, migrations occurred from Çorum, Amasya, Samsun and Tokat like regions. After the destruction of Karamanoğlu Beylik in 1466, no attempt was made to revive it, and people were relocated from Konya. After the destruction of Shah Ismail in 1501, populations from Tabriz and its surroundings were settled in Rize. After the elimination of Dulkadir Beylik in 1515, Mara-Elbistan Turkmen groups were relocated to the Rize region.

During the Yavuz Sultan Selim period, certain lordships east of Trebizond were held by Oghuz tribes, particularly the Çepnis. However, Çepni settlement in the Rize region became more prominent in subsequent centuries. The Çepnis, through their bravery in black and sea conflicts, established themselves in the region and formed large communities. A dense Çepni settlement is observed around Rize’s city center and surrounding areas. This settlement is one of the main reasons why only Turkish is spoken in Rize today. Additionally, families bearing the name “Çepni” are found in Rize’s villages, and the term “Çepni” is used by the local population to mean “brave,” “keen-eyed,” “brave and steep.” During the same period, the construction of a mosque named after Gülbahar Hatun’s arrival in Rize is a notable structure from this era. In the early 19th century, revolts by the Tuzcuoğulları occurred periodically in Rize, but they were suppressed in 1834, and the Tuzcuoğulları were resettled in Rumelia. According to the 1867 Vilayet Nizamnamesi, Rize was one of the six kazas under the Trabzon Vilayeti’s center sanjak. In 1877, it became a nahiye under the central sanjak. After the 1877–1878 Ottoman-Russian War, the Lazistan sanjak was established, and Rize was designated both as a accident and as its administrative center. During the First World World War, Rize was occupied by Russian forces on 9 March 1916 and regained its independence on 2 March 1918.

Republican Period

Before the Republic, Rize, which had been the center of district, gained provincial status on 20 April 1924. Under Law No. 2885 enacted on 2 January 1936, the Yusufeli district, previously under Erzurum, was detached from Rize following Pazar district and incorporated into the newly formed Artvin Province under the name Çoruh, leaving Rize Province with only the Pazar district. Today, Rize is a province comprising a total of 12 districts, including Pazar.

Population (2023)

• Administrative Structure: 12 districts, 18 municipalities, 350 villages
• Population: 350,506
• Population living in provincial and district centers: 221,458 (63.18%)
• Population living in towns and villages: 129,048 (36.82%)
• Population Growth Rate: ‰18.87 (Turkey average: ‰1.09)
• Net Migration Rate: ‰17.19
• Provincial Center Population: 147,996
• Area: 3,922 km²
• Population Density: 89 persons/km² (Turkey average: 111 persons/km²)
• Proportion of population aged 15–24: 13.36%
• Population aged 15–64 (working age): 239,756 (68.40%)

Population Distribution by District

• Center: 151,617
• Derepazarı: 6,938
• İyidere: 8,635
• Kalkandere: 13,788
• İkizdere: 6,939
• Güneysu: 15,198
• Çayeli: 42,208
• Pazar: 31,776
• Hemşin: 2,422
• Çamlıhemşin: 7,361
• Ardeşen: 43,418
• Fındıklı: 16,667

Geography

Rize, located in eastern Black Sea Region, reflects the region’s distinctive geographical and cultural characteristics. It differs from other parts of Anatolia both in its topography and cultural elements. Steep valley slopes, mountain peaks accessible only with difficulty, glacial lakes, and extensive plateaus define its natural landscape. Additionally, historical arch bridges, castles, and river systems are important components of Rize’s geographical diversity.

Geographical Location

Rize Province is bordered by Trabzon to the west, Erzurum and Bayburt to the south, Artvin to the east, and the Black Sea to the north. Its total area is 3,920 km² and is generally characterized by rugged and mountainous terrain. The coastline extends 80 km and varies in width from 20 to 150 meters. Along the coast, plains formed by alluvial deposits from rivers are present. Rize’s coastline is high and generally has a simple appearance, with occasional cliffs and terraces. Immediately behind the coastal strip, hills rise to 150–200 meters, from which rivers flowing into the Black Sea carve narrow, deep valleys. Steep, “V”-shaped valleys extend up to approximately 2,000 meters, while between 2,000 and 3,200 meters, flattened ridges and steep, “U”-shaped valleys are observed. At these elevations, glacial moraine-dammed lakes are found. Areas exceeding 3,000 meters in elevation form Rize’s steepest terrain, where Kaçkar Tepesi, the province’s highest point, is located.

Climate

Rize Province lies under the influence of the Black Sea climate. Its main characteristics are cool summers, mild winters, and rainfall distributed throughout the year. This climate is linked to the parallel alignment of the mountains with the coast. Rize’s annual average temperature is 14°C; the lowest recorded temperature is -7°C and the highest is 38°C. The coldest month is January, and the warmest is July. The annual average rainfall exceeds 2,301.2 mm, making Rize the province with the highest rainfall in Turkey. Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, with no distinct dry season. Spring rainfall is relatively low, while the highest rainfall occurs in autumn months. The region’s humidity rate generally exceeds 75%.

Temperature and Rainfall Data

• Annual average temperature: 14.5°C
• Annual average maximum temperature: 18.2°C
• Annual average minimum temperature: 11.3°C
• Annual rainfall: 2,301.2 mm

Geological Structure

Rize’s terrain lies within the Eastern Black Sea Mountain System and is formed on a basement dating to the Paleozoic (I. Time) era. Following a major orogenic event during the Cretaceous (III. Temporal interval), granodiorite and Cretaceous flysch formations emerged at the surface. Additionally, Neogene deposits are observed in some areas. The coastal zone is largely characterized by Upper Cretaceous volcanic cover and tuffs. For example, the cliffs along the sea side of tunnels between Çayeli and Pazar consist of coarse breccias formed by andesite and ophiolites mixed with fine conglomerates and agglomerates.

Although Cretaceous sediments are widespread on slopes near the coast, in some areas they are covered by Eocene flysch series. At valley floors, trachyte, andesite, and basalt columns occasionally emerge beneath these coverings. In higher mountainous areas, igneous rocks dominate. Granite, andesite, and basalt masses are commonly found at elevations exceeding 3,000 meters. Alluvial alluvium deposits are found in the lower sections of major river valleys, extending up to 10 kilometers from the sea.

Vegetation

Rize possesses a dense and diverse plant cover due to high rainfall and balanced temperature conditions. Vegetation is stratified according to elevation.

The area from the coast up to approximately 750 meters is covered by broadleaf coastal forests. In some areas, coniferous species extend down the ridges to lower elevations. This area, characterized by dense forest cover and rich understory vegetation, is known as the “Kelşik Flora.” The dominant species is the bearded alder (Alnus barbata), alongside hornbeam, chestnut, linden, alder, black poplar, wild Trabzon fig, wild mulberry, wild cherry, laurel, plane tree, dogwood, oak, dogwood, and boxwood. Particularly, bearded alder and wild mulberry can reach the upper forest limit along river valleys. The forest understory is dominated by the “Gambling” (Rhododendron), alongside various herbaceous and woody plants forming the ecosystem.

The zone between 800 and 1,400 meters elevation is a mixed forest belt. In this belt, broadleaf species include bearded alder, hornbeam, chestnut, and alder, while coniferous species such as fir and pine are common. The forest understory consists of rhododendron and other herbaceous and woody plants, similar to lower elevations. As elevation increases, coniferous species become dominant. From 1,600 meters onward, coniferous trees predominate, with eastern fir (Picea orientalis) being the dominant species. As the forest limit is approached, Caucasian silver fir (Abies nordmanniana) spreads, and black pine (Pinus nigra) is also a significant species in this zone.

The forest cover ends at approximately 2,000–2,200 meters elevation and gives way to warrior meadows. These areas are home to various herbaceous species such as orange and white colorful small lilies and daisies. In certain areas, low rhododendron shrubs are also observed. Due to deforestation for firewood in this area, where pastoralism is widespread, rhododendron shrubs are observed to be declining.

Landforms

Rize, situated on the northern slopes of the Eastern Black Sea Coastal Range, generally has a mountainous and rugged topography. However, variations are observed in different vertical directions. Therefore, Rize’s topography can be examined in three main sections.

Coastal Strip and Alluvial Plains

Rize’s coastal strip has a narrow topographic structure, which occupies a unique position in the province’s overall topography. The coastline extends approximately 80 km, and its width varies between 20 and 150 meters, excluding river valleys. The broadest flat areas along the coast, formed by river alluvium, can be defined as valley floor plains. These plains, entirely formed by river-borne alluvium, extend from the river mouths inland up to 500–600 meters and widen into 9–10 km long plains. Their width along the coast ranges from approximately 200 to 1,000 meters and is largely occupied by settlements. The widest of these is the valley floor plain of the Fırtına River, located near the Ardeşen district center.

Rize’s coast belongs to the high coast category and generally has a simple, natural appearance. The coastline consists of small, asymmetrical indentations and projections. Along the coast, small islets measuring 5–15 meters in size and located 5–25 meters offshore are present. Although significant damage occurred during highway construction, some areas still exhibit terrace and cliff formations.

Mountainous Area Severed by Deep Valleys

Immediately behind Rize’s coastal plain, the topography rises abruptly to 150–200 meters. From this point, the terrain is deeply dissected by narrowing river valleys. Both main rivers and their numerous tributaries have strongly eroded the landscape, creating a complex topographic building. These sharp ridges and steep slopes surrounding “V”-shaped valleys form the characteristic topography of this area, extending up to approximately 2,000 meters.

High Mountainous Area and Glacial Topography

Beginning at approximately 2,000 meters, this area is shaped by flattened ridges and steep, “U”-shaped valleys up to 3,000–3,200 meters. During the Quaternary glacial periods, this area underwent extensive glacial erosion, resulting in numerous small cirque and moraine-dammed lakes. Areas exceeding 3,000 meters constitute Rize’s steepest and faulty zones. Extensive bare and rocky peaks, along with sharp ridges between them, create the region’s harsh terrain, which is too steep for human passage. Rize’s highest points are the peaks between these ridges. Some of these peaks include Kaçkar Tepesi (3,937 m), the province’s highest point and still containing a glacier, Verçenik Tepesi (3,709 m), Koyunsokağı Vacakar Dağı (3,458 m), Çaymakçur Tepesi (3,420 m), Gudashevsivrisi Tepesi (3,406 m), Koyunsokağı Tepesi (3,342 m), Marsis Tepesi (3,334 m), and Aşağı Karataş Tepesi (3,322 m). This rugged topography begins to lose its steepness and elevation south of the Fındıklı district center.

Rivers and Lakes

Rize has a dense hydrographic structure due to its rainy climate and abundant groundwater sources. Within the province’s boundaries, a river occurs on average every 250–300 meters eastward. This pattern aligns with the region’s landforms. However, since no comprehensive measurement of river density has been conducted across Turkey, it cannot be definitively stated that Rize has the highest river density in the country.

Rize’s rivers are generally short, steep, and fast-flowing. There are 23 rivers within the province’s boundaries exceeding 5 km in length. Of these, 16 flow directly into the Black Sea, while the rest are tributaries of these rivers. The longest rivers flowing directly into the Black Sea include Çağlayan Creek (34.7 km), Arılı Creek (31.5 km), Fırtına River (68.0 km), Hemşin Creek (38.5 km), Sabuncular Creek (46.0 km), Taşlı Creek (34.0 km), and İyi Creek (78.4 km). Additionally, Durak Creek (33.0 km), Hala Creek (32.5 km), and Balamya Creek (22.6 km), tributaries of the Fırtına and Taşlı rivers, respectively, are notable.

The longest river in the region is the İyi Stream (78.4 km), while the one with the largest nutrition basin is Storm Creek (1,149.3 km²). Basin ranks second in basin size (1,047.4 km²), while Fırtına River (68 km) ranks second in length. Since basin size is the primary criterion in hydrological and regime analyses, the Fırtına River is used as the representative example for characterizing Rize’s rivers. Moreover, since all of Rize’s rivers lie within provincial boundaries and share similar climatic and topographic conditions, further analysis of a second river is unnecessary.

Rize’s rivers are fed by rainfall, snow, and source water. Classified as the “Rainy Black Sea Regime,” these rivers exhibit two rising phases and one recession phase. The mid-September-November and March-August periods are the rising phases. From mid-November to March, rivers enter a recession phase. For example, according to 25-year measurements of the Fırtına River, the lowest level is reached in January (11.3 m³/s). During this period, rivers are fed only by spring and lake water, as precipitation is mostly in the form of snow. Starting in March, rivers begin to rise due to snowmelt. Peak levels are reached in June due to spring rains (65.2 m³/s for the Fırtına River). Water levels decline during summer due to reduced snowmelt. However, levels remain higher than in other months until September. A second rising phase occurs from mid-September to November due to autumn rains.

The discharge of Rize’s rivers is high compared to many Turkish rivers. For example, the average discharge of the Fırtına River is 28.4 m³/s, higher than the Gediz River (26 m³/s). In terms of minimum discharge, the Fırtına River (4.6 m³/s) is higher than the Kızılırmak (1.7 m³/s) and Gediz River (0.07 m³/s), though it is approximately half that of the Dicle River (9.4 m³/s). Compared to other Turkish rivers, Rize’s rivers have a relatively stable regime. However, they differ in row energy potential and sediment load. Rize’s rivers carry less sediment than other Turkish rivers, making them advantageous for energy production. Within the Eastern Black Sea Basin, these rivers rank third in annual hydropower potential after the Euphrates and Tigris Basins. The Eastern Black Sea Basin’s annual hydropower production potential is estimated at approximately 12 billion kWh.

Nineteen small lake have been identified in Rize’s mountainous areas above 2,400 meters, formed by glacial erosion and accumulation. The largest among them are the Ambar Lake (2,950 m, 0.07 km²) and Büyük Deniz Lake (2,900 m). The smallest, at 0.01 km², is the Öküzyatağı Lake (2,775 m). Some of these lakes are cirque lakes, while others are moraine-dammed lakes.

Plateaus

At the foot of the Kaçkar Mountains, numerous plateaus offer ideal settings for escaping crowds and connecting with nature. Notable among them are Handüzü, Çağrankaya, Vaşa, Petran, Demirkapı (Homeze), Sivrikaya, Anzer, Ovit, Gölyayla, April, Pokut, Hazindağ, Samistal, Golezana, Palovit, Elevit, Amlakit, Çat, Verçenik, Hacivanak, Aşağı Kavron, Yukarı Kavron, Ambarlı, and Kito plateaus.

Plateau life typically spans three months, beginning in early June and ending in the first week of September. At these plateaus, the “Vartavor” festival is celebrated with joy, where people greet each other by sprinkling rosewater as a symbol of prosperity. Horon dances and misty landscapes are characteristic features and indispensable elements of plateau life.

Ayder Plateau

Ayder, one of Rize’s most popular centers, is located 19 km southeast of Çamlıhemşin District. At an elevation of 1,218 meters, the plateau is within walking distance of the cascading Gürgendibi and Gelintülü Waterfalls, accompanied by the sound of the Fırtına River. It serves as a gateway to many natural beauties in the region.

It is also known as the starting point for northern ascents of the Kaçkar Mountains. Ayder offers a wide range of accommodations, from bungalows to traditional plateau houses, family pensions, and hotels. With its fully developed infrastructure, Ayder resembles a as if holiday town. It is renowned for its rich flora and fauna, as well as its healing thermal springs. Located amidst pine forests and the majestic Kaçkar Mountains, Ayder also offers visitors a unique tasting experience with its famous Ayder Honey.

Handüzü Plateau

Located 16 km from the Güneysu district center, this plateau sits at an elevation of 1,790 meters. Although it has lost some of its traditional structure over time, its proximity to the center has made it highly developed and easily accessible. This popular plateau is an important point hub, with roads connecting it to many plateaus to the south and southwest.

Çağrankaya Plateau

Located in İkizdere District at an elevation of 2,392 meters, this is one of Rize’s largest plateaus. It serves as the central junction for roads from İkizdere, Çayeli, Güneysu, and Çamlıhemşin. The plateau is characterized by intensive concrete construction, and its population increases significantly during summer months.

Vaşa Plateau

This plateau, located in İkizdere District at 2,643 meters, retains all its authentic architectural features. It is also an area where animal husbandry and pastoralism continue. Due to its height and dominant location, it serves as an important landscape point for viewing surrounding natural beauties.

Petran Plateau

Accessible via a path branching off from the Anzer Plateau route at the “Kamanın Dibi” location, this plateau can also be reached by vehicle depending on seasonal conditions.

Homeze Plateau

Located in İkizdere District at 2,368 meters, this plateau features new period constructions carefully built using mostly wood materials. With its 360-degree panoramic view, this plateau stands out as a significant viewpoint.

Sivrikaya Plateau

Located 25 km from İkizdere District at 1,875 meters, this plateau features local wooden architectural examples amidst forests and extensive pastures.

Anzer (Ballıköy) Plateau

Located in İkizdere District at 2,105 meters, Anzer Plateau is 85 km from the city center and accessible via İkizdere District. Also known as Ballıköy, this plateau connects to the Çoruh River and Bayburt Province on one side and the Trabzon Uzungöl Tourism Center on the other. Its location, along with neighboring Meles, Petran, Kabahor, and Garzavan plateaus, gives it significant potential for cultural richness and nature tourism. Its position at the foot of Kırklardağı makes it an important plateau center. The plateau offers food, drink, and accommodation facilities and provides an ideal setting for nature walks and photography. World-famous Anzer Honey is produced from the plateau’s myriad flowers. The region, which turns into various shades of green during summer and into white and red hues in winter, offers a captivating experience for nature lovers.

Ovit Plateau

Located approximately 36 km from İkizdere District, the Ovit Plateau and its surroundings have been declared a “Winter Tourism Center.” The region hosts mountain climbing and trekking activities in summer and possesses significant potential for winter sports. Its geographical structure provides suitable conditions for winter sports, and further development of this potential is planned. Ovit Plateau is poised to become an attractive destination for nature lovers throughout the year.

Sal Plateau

A plateau in Çamlıhemşin District at 2,002 meters, preserving its authentic character through traditional wooden houses. This plateau attracts attention through its natural environment and architecture and is suitable for both nature walkers and those wishing to experience the region’s culture.

Pokut Plateau

Located at 2,032 meters near the forest limit, between the valleys of the Fırtına and Still rivers in southern Çamlıhemşin District. The plateau offers a suitable environment for walking and relaxation and stands out for its rich biodiversity and original architecture. Located 15 km from Çamlıhemşin District, it is known for its misty views and authentic wooden houses. Accommodation is available in traditional plateau houses functioning as pensions.

Palovit Plateaus

Palovit Plateau, located 4 hour from Çamlıhemşin District center via vehicle, sits at 2,338 meters. It is notable for its traditional stone plateau houses and lies on the northwestern slope of the Kaçkar Mountains. One side of Palovit Plateau is entirely forested, while the other slopes down the mountain, making it one of the highest plateaus along the Black Sea coast.

Elevit Plateau

Elevit Plateau, located in Çamlıhemşin District at 1,884 meters, is primarily visited by expatriates during summer months. Traditional plateau houses offering accommodation are also of interest. Elevit Plateau is famous for its horon dances and draws attention with its festivals held in August. Wild animals native to the Black Sea region, including the wild goat, are found on the plateau.

Local Architecture

Traditional Dwellings

In the Eastern Black Sea Region, dwellings are generally situated on slopes in a dispersed order pattern due to the geographical structure. These settlements often consist of small groups of family members or are located 1–2 km apart. Integrated with the natural tissue and forest and green areas, these dwellings have an attractive visual appearance. However, access to these structures is typically via narrow, winding footpaths.

Material Selection

In Rize’s traditional residential unit architecture, wood and stone are widely used. Wood, a natural resource of the region, is preferred for its workability and durability. Durable wood types such as pine, fir, and hornbeam are commonly used, while chestnut is prevalent along the coast and pine inland. Less commonly, harder woods such as oak and black poplar have also been used in some structures. In addition to wood, stone, though less abundant, is used as a secondary building material due to its durability. Particularly along the coast, brick and tile have been preferred for chimneys and walls.

Construction Systems

Three main construction systems are used in the region. The first is the timber-frame system, where wooden elements are stacked horizontally without vertical posts to form wall. This is common in inland and plateau areas with abundant timber resources. The second system is the timber skeleton or post-and-beam system, also known as “çatma.” This system uses vertical posts. The third system is the stone-and-timber system, where 50 cm thick rubble stone foundations support a timber skeleton structure.

Roofing Systems

Climate conditions play a decisive role in the roof design of buildings in Rize. Due to high rainfall, wide eaves are used to protect walls. Ventilation systems in roofs prevent moisture-related decay. Roofs are generally three- or four-pitched and locally known as “semer,” “üç omuz,” and “dört omuz.” Traditionally, roofs were covered with hand-cut wooden shingles (“hartama”), but in recent times, they have been covered with alaturka tiles.

Architectural Features

In regional dwellings, the bodrum floor is typically used as a stable. In structures with two stable sections, arched vaults and stone masonry are notable. In traditional Black Sea houses, the kitchen (“ahşaphane”) is the center of daily life. Access to the living room, called “life,” is from the kitchen. The living room is generally oriented toward the slope and open to the view. Adjacent rooms are connected to the living room, and in some homes, these rooms have external independent entrances.

Black Sea Granaries (Serenderler)

Serenderler, unique to the Black Sea region, are designed for food storage and preservation. These wooden structures are elevated on pillars and accessed via a movable ladder. Their facades often feature wooden decorations.

Plateau Houses

Wooden and stone houses are common on Rize’s plateaus. Wooden houses are preferred near forests, while stone houses are common in areas farther from forests. In wooden plateau houses, kitchens, pantry, and living areas are typically made of wood. Stone plateau houses are constructed without mortar, with stones carefully arranged, and usually consist of a single room.

Rize Cuisine

Rize’s culinary culture parallels the region’s traditional people culture, though some transformations have occurred in recent years. The traditional kitchen structure is still preserved in villages. Due to limited agricultural land and climatic conditions, the variety of vegetables and fruit grown is restricted. Tea and tea cultivation since the 1990s are the main agricultural products in these areas. Additionally, beekeeping and honey production, particularly of local products like Anzer Honey and Deli Bal, continue widely. Grape molasses and pear molasses/honey production are other traditional methods in the region.

Main ingredients in Rize cuisine include corn flour, black cabbage, bean, and pumpkin vegetables, while hamsi holds an important place in the region’s culinary culture. Animal products, especially meat and dairy, complement and diversify Rize cuisine. Due to the region’s year-round closed and rainy weather, drying food in the sun is generally not possible; instead, preservation methods such as pickling and salting are more common. Typical examples of Rize cuisine include hamsikoli, muhlama, hamsi pilaf, laz böreği, enişte lokum, corn bread, hamsi çığırtası, pumpkin with molasses, and pepeçura.

History of Tea in Rize

Tea is the most consumed beverage in the world after from Sudan and has a history of approximately 5,000 years. According to legend, tea was discovered when a leaf fell into boiling water and impressed the servant of Chinese Emperor Shen Nung. The first comprehensive research on tea was written by Lu Yu, who lived between 733 and 804 CE. In his book “The Classic of Tea,” Lu Yu provided detailed information on tea production and consumption. Europe became acquainted with tea in the 17th century. The British embraced tea as a lifestyle and rapidly adopted it, establishing tea plantations in the 18th century. To transport tea quickly to Europe, fast sailing ships were used. In Turkey, tea was introduced in 1787 through seeds brought from Japan, but early attempts in Bursa failed due to climatic conditions. In 1917, Ali Rıza Erten’s efforts led to approval for tea cultivation in Rize in 1924, laying the foundation for tea production. Production increased after the first factory was established in 1947. Although Turkey’s acquaintance with tea came late, it became widespread among the population and became part of daily life.

Folk Music and Folklore

Rize folk music is shaped around kemençe, tulum, and other instruments and songs. The unique characteristics of Black Sea songs make them easily recognizable. Typically, songs contain four lines, with rhyme linking the second and fourth lines. The first two lines and the last two lines may be independent or interdependent.

Folk song can be sung by a single person or by multiple people together. Love songs and abroad songs are among the most common examples. Among these, the most important types are atma and karşı beri atma songs. Atma songs are unilateral, sung by one person. Karşı beri atma songs involve two people. Songs are generally sung in couplets (beyit) or four-line stanzas. As part of daily life, almost everyone can sing atma songs. Atma songs are commonly sung between relationships such as boy and girl, woman and girl, father and child, bride and mother-in-law, bride and father-in-law, wife and great.

Atma songs can be sung on any topic and arise spontaneously. No prior preparation is required for these songs.

Kemençe

Kemençe is the name for two different bowed instruments used in Ottoman music and Black Sea folk music. The first instrument, known until the mid-20th century as “armudî kemençe” or “fasıl kemençe,” is now called “classical kemençe.” The second instrument is known as the “Black Sea kemençe” in folk music.

The classical kemençe is a small instrument, 40–41 cm long and 14–15 cm wide. Its body, shaped like a half-pear, is carved from a single piece of wood, with the rounded “head” and neck forming one unit. Two large D-shaped holes are carved on the front, with rounded edges facing outward. The back has a “spine groove.” When played, the tailpiece rests on the left knee, and the instrument is held against the chest or between the knees. The strings are positioned 7–10 mm above the fingerboard and are lightly pressed sideways with the fingernails to produce sound.

The Black Sea kemençe is also carved from a single piece of wood for the body and neck, but its shape is quite different. Although its dimensions are not standardized, models of approximately 56 cm in length are commonly used. The body is usually made of walnut or juniper, while the thin chest is made of spruce or fir. To withstand the pressure from the strings, a protrusion shaped like a dome is added to the chest. The pegs are small and inserted from the front. The strings are placed very close to the fingerboard because the Black Sea kemençe is played by pressing the strings with the fingertips. The player holds the instrument in the left hand while standing or places it between the knees while sitting.

Tulum

The tulum is a wind instrument widely used in the mountain villages of the Black Sea Region. It is generally made from Capricorn skin and is also called “Gada” in some areas. The tulum is frequently played at weddings, festivals, and during the ascent to plateaus.

Tulum Structure:

• Dudula (Mouthpiece): The mouthpiece, used to inflate the tulum, is made from a round piece of wood. The player seals it with their lips to prevent air leakage. Alternatively, a plastic cover is placed inside the dudula and secured with a staple to prevent air escape. Recently, a ball has been inserted into the dudula to achieve the same effect, and some players can even sing while playing using this method.
• Body (Skin Part): The body of the tulum, made of skin, is where the sound is most concentrated and serves as the instrument’s primary sound source.
• Nav (Sound Producer): This part produces the sound and generates the melody. It is typically made of skin and vibrates with air to produce sound.

Nature Sports

River Sports

One of the most suitable areas for river sports in Rize is the Fırtına River. This river is formed by the convergence of streams descending from the Black Sea-facing slopes of the Kaçkar Mountains. Due to this feature, it is considered one of the most important locations for river tourism in Rize. The Fırtına River flows into the Black Sea approximately 2 km west of Ardeşen and is 57 km long. It flows through tea and fruit orchards, passing under historic stone arched bridges. The region offers not only opportunities for water sports but also an important opportunity for experiencing Rize’s culture.

Access to the region is via the Rize-Ardeşen highway, turning southward along road. After approximately 22 km, Çamlıhemşin District is reached. The river sports route can begin approximately 1 km south of Çamlıhemşin. Attention must be paid to large rocks at the 5th kilometer and dangerous passages at the 7th, 8th, and 9th kilometers. The river’s discharge and flow direction must be carefully examined in these areas.

At the 12th kilometer of the route, the Duygulu Waterfall on the western slope is a significant natural feature and can be considered a separate attraction. The route can be concluded at a suitable point before the Fırtına River reaches the Black Sea. Along the approximately 23 km route, the riverbed is very rocky and includes sections classified as difficulty levels 3, 4, and 5 depending on water discharge. Caution is required especially after heavy rainfall when water levels rise.

Mountaineering

The Eastern Black Sea Mountains contain some of Turkey’s highest peaks and possess significant potential for mountaineering. The highest point of these mountain ranges is Kaçkar Mountain, at 3,937 meters elevation. Kaçkar, Turkey’s fourth-highest mountain, hosts two large glaciers on its northern face, one of which is the country’s third-largest glacier. The Eastern Black Sea Mountains, forming the borders of Rize Province with Erzurum and Artvin, are also known for other peaks such as Verçenik Mountain (3,709 m), Cloud Mountain (3,562 m), and Altıparmak Mountain (3,492 m).

Hiking

Hiking in Rize is one of the most important elements of tourism, offering various trails of different difficulty levels. The region’s natural structure makes hiking a year-round activity. Hiking offers more than physical exercise; it provides opportunities for relaxation, sports, photography, birdwatching, and botany. The region’s village and plateau paths and trails offer various alternatives for this activity.

Heliski (Helicopter Skiing)

Heliski is considered one of the most challenging nature sports worldwide and was long practiced only in the Swiss Alps, Himalayas, and Canada. Starting in 2004, tours targeting the Kaçkar Mountains were organized for European skiers. Skiers and snowboarders stay in Ayder Plateau, then are transported by helicopter to the high and steep peaks of the Kaçkar Mountains, where they perform freestyle descents. Heliski, performed only by professional skiers, requires specialized equipment and advanced experience. Heliski is carried out between January and April each year on the slopes of the Kaçkar Mountains, particularly in Ayder, İkizdere, Ovit, and other high-altitude areas. Various efforts are underway to develop skiing in the region. Approximately 500 skiers visit annually for heliski.

Jeep Safari

The Rize plateaus stretching from İkizdere to Fındıklı attract attention with dirt and plateau roads running along rivers and connecting them. Along this route, it is possible to cool off before waterfalls and briefly escape daily life. This region offers opportunities to combine nature, history, culture, camping, and hiking activities. It can also be considered a form of tourism based on on-site exploration.

Economic Structure

Rize’s economy is largely based on tea cultivation and tea processing industry. Additionally, aquatic products, particularly fishing, and forest products make significant contributions to the economy. Approximately 70% of the active population works in the agricultural sector. Rize’s best-known products are tea, hamsi fish, and Rize cloth made from hemp.

Agriculture

Rize’s terrain is mountainous and rugged, resulting in very limited plain areas. Only 1% of the province’s land is flat. When agriculture is mentioned in Rize, the first product that comes to mind is tea, as two-thirds of Turkey’s tea production occurs here. Tea cultivation is widespread due to Rize’s climate and abundant rainfall. Tea farming became established between 1940 and 1950 and rapidly expanded after 1950. Approximately 400,000 tons of tea are produced annually on 40,000 hectares of tea gardens in Rize. Vegetable cultivation in Rize is limited to crops such as corn, beans, and potato. Due to the prevalence of tea cultivation, vegetable production is minimal. Fruit cultivation is also an important income source after tea. Pears, apple, hazelnut, and mandarins are grown. Rize-grown mountain rice requires no irrigation and is quite famous. Puro tobacco is also cultivated in Rize’s Pazar district.

Animal Husbandry

The spread of tea cultivation and the decline of corn farming have caused animal husbandry to lose its former importance. However, Rize’s plateaus and highlands are covered with rich pastures and meadows, making animal husbandry suitable. Beekeeping is also rapidly expanding. Anzer honey from İkizdere is quite famous.

Fishing

Rize’s fishing industry is highly developed, ranking fourth in Turkey for fish production. Rize’s coasts have abundant and high-quality fish potential. Fishermen operate large vessels for open-sea fishing. Valuable fish such as hamsi, mullet, mackerel, bonito, barbunya, shield, zargana, izmarit, mezgit, lüfer, kingfish, torik, Karagöz, tirsi, and sea bass are found in large quantities along Rize’s coasts.

Forestry

Rize Province has 150,000 hectares of forest and 35,000 hectares of shrubland. Rize’s forests include hornbeam, red pine, chestnut, bearded alder, black poplar, trembling aspen, ash, alder, oak, dogwood, and other tree species. There are 46 forest villages in the region, producing 100,000 m³ of industry timber and 70 ster of firewood annually.

Mining and Industry

Although Rize has deposits of copper, manganese, and kaolin, only small amounts of manganese are extracted. Industry is primarily centered around tea processing factories and workshops. Rize has 20 tea factories, 15 tea workshops, and various industrial establishments, including flour mills, lumber factories, foundries, sugar confectionery factories, and aluminum kitchenware manufacturers.

Transportation

Newly constructed ports in Rize can accommodate large ships. Additionally, fishing shelters exist in Çayeli, Pazar, and Fındıklı districts. Regular ship services operate between Istanbul and Rize. Rize is 1,200 km from Istanbul, 839 km from Ankara, and 1,422 km from İzmir by road.